Once Again Into the Fray: International Relations Confronts the Humanities

See Yosef Lapid . 'The Third Debate: On the Prospects of International Theory in a Post-Positivist Era', International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 33, No. 3. 1989), pp. 235-54, for a different assessment.

For example: Arizona State University and the University of Minnesota.

See. for example, the following symposia: International Organization (Vol. 38. 1984), pp. 225-328; Alternatives (Vol. 13. 1988), pp. 77-102 ; Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 17, No. 2); and International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 33, 1989).

Most notably, perhaps, Richard Ashley at Arizona State University.

James Der Derian and Michael J. Shapiro (eds.), International/Intertextual Relations: Boundaries of Knowledge and Practice in World Politics ( Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1989).

Critical Theory both inspires post-modernism (especially the writings of Marcuse and Benjamin) and provides a basis of severe criticism of it. The relationship between the two is far from simple. Critical theorists criticise post-modernism for its abandonment of the Enlightenment, for its attack on rationality and truth (universal or otherwise) and for being politically conservative. (See Jurgen Habermas , 'Modernity Verus Post Modernity', The New German Critique (Vol. 22, 1981). Post-modernists criticise Critical Theory for holding to a logocentric, meta-narrative. Buth both share many common narratives as well: an hostility to modern science in its positivist, empiricist forms: reservations about instrumental reason and modem technology; misgivings about the mass media and consumer society; a refusal to privilege the proletariat of working class in social analysis. But there are also important differences. Critical Theory attributes more importance to explanation, to economic factors within the capitalist context (without being economist) and to political praxis and action while sceptical post-modern approaches (see note 9) are more descriptive and resigned to the post-modem condition. The overlap of views between activist, affirmative post-modernism and Critical Theory is greater in as much as both share a commitment to political action. These topics are extensively considered by Douglas Kellner , Critical Theory, Marxism and Modernity (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1989).

Fred Pfeil , 'Postmodernism as a "Structure of Feeling"', in Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture ( Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1988).

One reason why so few efforts have been made to distinguish between these two is that the differences have been found, at least to date, to be of little consequence. See the following references to these two terms: Alex Callinicos , 'Postmodernism. PostStructuralism, Post-Marxism?', Theory, Culture and Society (Vol. 23, 1985), p. 86; Axel Honneth ,' An Aversion Against the Universal', Theory. Culture and Society (Vol. 23, 1985), pp. 147-57; and R.B.J. Walker , 'Genealogy, Geopolitics and Political Community: Richard K. Ashley and the Critical Social Theory of International Politics', Alternatives (Vol. 13, 1988), p. 86.

See J. Baudrillard , Les Strategies fatales ( Paris: Bernard Grasset, 1983) and Klaus Scherpe , 'Dramatization and De-dramatization of "The End": The Apocalyptic Consciousness of Modernity and Post-modernity', Cultural Critique (Winter, 1986-87), pp. 95-129, for a sample of the sceptical post-modem view.

Jacques Derrida , Writing and Difference (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978), p. 292.

Albert Hirschman , 'The Search for Paradigms as a Hindrance to Understanding', in Paul Rabinow and William M. Sullivan (eds.), Interpretive Social Sciences. A Second Look (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1987).

Jean-Francois Lyotard , 'Le Temps aujourd'hui', Critiques (Vol. 44, 1988), pp. 575-76.

Richard Ashley , 'The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics', Alternatives (Vol. 12. 1987), p.411.

Michal Foucault , Surveiller et punir, naissance de la present (Paris: Gallimard, 1975).

Ihab Hassan , The Postmodern Turn (Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1987), p. 225.

Richard Ashley , 'Living on Border Lines: Man, Poststructuralism, and War', in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cit., in note 5. pp.271-80.

Allan Megill , Prophets of Extremity: Nietzsche, Heidegger, Foucault, Derrida (Berkeley,CA: University of California Press. 1985). p. 195.

Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michael Foucault.Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, Second Edition ( Chicago, IL: University ofChicago Press, 1983). p. 124.

J. Hillis Miller , 'Tradition and Difference' Diacritics (Vol. 2, 1972), p. 8. See also J. Hillis Miller ,'The Critic as Host'. Crilical Inquiry (Vol. 3, 1977), p. 447.

Ibid.

The inspiration for absolute pluralism in interpretation goes back to Nietzsche or Nihilism: everything is permitted. Foucault discusses this in his book entitled Nietzsche (Paris: Minuit, 1967), p. 189. For Nietzsche the distinction between reason and unreason, between speech and silence is considered arbitrary. The act of interpreting for Nietzsche was a hopeless effort to mask chaos. See Jean Granier , 'Nietzsche's conception of Chaos', in David Allison (ed.), The New Nietzche (New York: Dell, 1977), p. 140.

Vincent Descombes , Modern French Philosophy, translated by L. Scott-Fox and J.M. Harding (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980). p. 182.

M.J. Dear , 'Postmodernism and Planning', Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 4 (1986), pp. 372-73. Christopher Norris , Deconstruction: Theory and Pructice (New York: Methucn, 1982), pp. 76-79, argues that the whole of deconstruction was formulated by Nietzsche. There is much in it that would be familiar to Marx as well. Some post-modernists deny deconstruction is a method. Others insist it is an anti-method. Norris argues it was developed in reaction to structuralism and indeed, it does assume the absence of structure in any text.

Barbara Johnson , The Critical Difference ( Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).p.5.

Jonathan Culler , On Deconstruction: Theory and Criticism after Structuralism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1982). p. 150.

Jacques Derrida , Positions (Chicago, IL: University ofChicago Press. 1981), p. 59.

Stanley Fish , Doing What Comes Naturally (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1989), p.493.

Geoffrey Hartman , 'Paul de Man, Fascism and Deconstruction: Blindness and Insight'. New Republic (7 March 1988).

J. Hillis Miller , 'The Disarticulation of the Self in Nietzsche ', The Monist (Vol. 64, 1981),p.261.

Paul de Man , The Resistance to Theory (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press), p. 118.

Stephen Toulmin , 'The Construal of Reality: Criticism in Modern and Post-modern Science ', in W.J.T. Mitchell (ed.), The Politics of Interpretation (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1983); Nelson Goodman , Of Mind and Other Mailers (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1984); P. Feyerabend , Against Method: Outline of an Anarchistic Theory of Knowledge (London: New Left Books, 1975).

The conventional, modernist author produces books, articles and pamphlets. In the best of circumstances the text produced may be regarded 'as the product of genius', and 'approached with reverence and an expectation of revelation'. Roger Fowler , A Dictionary of Modern Critical Terms (New York : Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987 ). Whatever the case the author is the privileged arbiter of meaning' in his or her text. Quentin Skinner , 'Meaning and Understanding in History ', History and Theory (Vol. 8, 1969). The reader need only discover the author's views to understand what the text is all about. E.D. Hirsch, Validitli, in Interpretation ( New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1973). The post-modern author also launches a text, shepherds its publication but she or he then withdraws, leaving it to an independent life of its own, retaining no special right to define it.

D.C. Wood , 'An Introduction to Derrida', Radical Philosophy (Vol. 21, 1979), p. 23.

Roland Barthes ,' The Death of the Author' and 'Writers, Intellectuals, Teachers', in Roland Barthes (ed.), Images· Music, Text (New York: Hill and Wang, 1977), p. 148; Michel Foucault , 'What Is an Author?', in Josue Harari (ed.), Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-structuralist Criticism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979).

Jacques Derrida , Of Grammatology, translated by G. Spivak (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), p. 158.

Ann Jefferson and David Robey (eds.), Modern Literary Theory; A Comparative Introduction (Totawa, NJ: Bames and Noble, 1982), pp. 87 and 99.

Roland Barthes , 'From Work to Text', in Josue Harrai, (ed.), Textual Strategies: Perspectives in Post-structuralist Criticism (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1979), p.77. On the concept of intertextuality see Thais E. Morgan , 'Is There an Intertext in This Text?: Literary and Interdisciplinary Approaches to Intertextuality', American Journal of Semintics (Vol. 3, 1985). Milorad Pavic's Dictionary of the Khazars: a lexicon novel, translated by Christina Pribicevic-Zoric (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1988) is an example of an intertextual novel. The author boasts that the reader may begin or end a reading of this book at any point.

Jefferson and Robey (eds.), op.cit., in note 36, p. 103.

See ltato Calvino's novel, If on a Winters Night a Traveler for an excellent example of writing to encourage diverse interpretations (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich , 1981).

Umberto Eco , Travels in Hyper Reality ( San Diego, CA: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich, 1983), p.2.

Jacques Derrida , Glas (Paris: Galilee, 1974) and Jefferson and Robey (eds.), op.cit ., in note 36.

Derrida , op.cit, in note 10; Albrecht Wellmer , 'On the dialectic of Modernism and Post-modernism ', Praxis International (Vol. 4, 1985), p. 349; David Booth , 'Nietzche on "the Subject as Multiplicity" '. Man and World: International Philosophical Review (Vol. 182, 1985), pp. 121-46; J. Baudrillard , In rhe Shadow of the Silent Majorities (New York: Semiotexte), p. 167,

Michel Foucault ,'The Subject and Power', in Dreyfus and Rabinow (eds.). op. cit., in note 18, pp. 212-13; Paul Rabinow , The Foucault Reader (New York: Pantheon, 1984), pp.6-10.

David Hoy , 'Jacques Derrida', in Quentin Skinner (ed.), The Return of Grand Theory in the Human Sciences (Boston, MA: Cambridge University Press, 1985), pp. 46-49.

Hans Keilner , 'Narrativity in History: Post-Structuralism and Since', History and Theory (Vol. 26, 1987), p. 1.

John Laffey , 'The Politics at Modernism's Funeral', Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory (Vol. 11, 1987), pp. 89-98.

Michel Foucault , 'What is Enlightenment?', in Rabinow and Sullivan (eds.), op. cit., in note 11. pp. 168-69.

There appears to be a contradiction involved in doing away with the subject and elevating the reader. Who is the reader if she or he is not a subject? Post-modernists resolve this by claiming that it is the reading itself that produces a reader and not vice-versa. The reader then is not the subject. For the most provocative post-modernists the reader is created by the text! What is meant is that no one achieves the status of reader without a text to be read.

Gilles Lipovetsky sets out a different strategy but the end result is the same. He redefines the subject as limited to the traditional, hard working, personally disciplined, truth seeking, committed, responsible personality. This modern subject has little relevance in a post-modem world but there is a central role for the 'post-modern individual' who is spontaneous, relaxed, oriented toward feelings and emotions, without any need of universalistic claims or ideological consistency. The modern subject is dead but the post-modern individual lives. See Gilles Lipovetsky , L'Ere du vide, Essais sur l'individtealisme contemporain (Paris: Gallimand, 1983).

Megill , op.cil, in note 17, p.203.

Baudrillard , op.cit, in note 42.

Seyla Benhabib , 'Epistemologies of Post-modernism: A Rejoiner to Jean-Francois Lyotard', New German Critique (Vol. 33, 1984), p. 104.

Michel Foucault , 'Nietzche, Genealogy, History', in Donald Bouchard (ed.), Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977), p. 151.

Fred Dallmayr , 'Political inquiry: Beyond Empiricism and Hermeneutics'. in Terence Ball (ed.), Idioms of Inguiry (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1987), P. 181.

Michel Foucault , Power/Knowledge, in C. Gordon (ed.), translated by Colin Gordon, L. Marshall, J. Mepham and K. Soper ( New York: Pantheon Books, 1980), p. 83.

For a cogent review and critique of the premises and emphases of the 'New History', see Gertrude Himmelfarb , The New History and the Old (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press , 1987).

Hassan , op.cit, in note 15, pp. 91-92.

Warren I. Susman , Culture as History (New York : Pantheon, 1985), pp. 103 and 197.

Derrida , op.cil, in note 26.

J. Baudrillard , 'Modernity', Canadian Journal of Political and Sucial Theory (Vol. 113, 1987), p. 67.

Megill , op. cit in note 17; Derrida , op.cit, in note 35; Daltmayr . op. cit, in note 54.

Lyotard , op.cit, in note 12.

Descombes , op. cit, in note 22, p. 149.

Fredric Jameson , 'Postmodernism, of the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism', New Left Review (Vol. 146, 1984), pp. 83 and 90.

Jacques Derrida ,'Sending: On Representation', Social Research (Vol. 49. 1982). p. 304.

Dalia Judovitz , 'Representation and Its Limits in Descartes ', in Hugh J. Silverman and Donn Walton (eds.), Postmodernism and Coninemal Philosoply (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1988), pp. 68 and 70-71.

Catherine Z. Elgin , 'Representation. Comprehension and Competence ', Social Research (Vol. 51, 1984), p. 911; Marx W. Wartofsky , 'The Paradox of Painting: Pictorial Representation and the Dimensionality of Visual Space', Social Research (Vol. 51, 1984) pp. 877-79.

Post-modernists do not naively attribute representational inlraclions to any single political system, but rather target all systems of modern rule because each of them involves the domination of the weak by the strong. Representation may be the 'central core of bourgeois ideology', but socialist and communists also appeal to representation as a vehicle of legitimation. See Harry Redner , 'Representation and the Crisis of Post-Modernism'. PS: Political Science and Polities (Summer, 1987), p. 675. In a representative democracy people authorise representatives to represent their needs, demands, interests in the decision-making process (a la Hobbes and Locke). The state is assumed to 'represent' the people as John Stuart Mills tells us. But Lenin argued along the same lines that the vanguard political party 'represents' the fundamental interests of the proletariat because it embodies the true proletarian consciousness. See V.I. Lenin , 'Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution', in Collected Works, Vol. 22 (London: Laurence and Wishart, 1964), pp. 18-19.

Elgin , op.cit, in note 67, p. 925.

Culler , op. cit, in note 25, p. 153.

Certain topics considered in this section, such as the subject and representation, are so broadly defined as to be of direct relevance to other subfields in the social sciences.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, p. 261.

Henry Kariel , 'Bringing Postmodernism into Being', paper delivered at the American Political Science Association's Annual Meeting, Washington. DC, 1988 , p. 1.

Derrida , op. cit. in note 26. p. 9.

M.H. Abrams , A Glossary of Literary Terms. Fourth Edition ( New York : Holt. Rinehart and Winston, 1981 ), p. 39.

Thomas J. Biersteker . 'Critical Reflections in Post-Positivism in International Relations', Internationl Studies Quarterly (Vol. 33, No. 3, 1989), p. 266.

Leo Strauss was anti-historical and criticised modernity though not for the same reasons as post-modernists. He did not abandon truth or reason as they do however. See D.C. Wood , op. cit, in note 33, p. 34. See also Sheldon Wolin , 'Postmodern Politics in the Absence of Myth', Social Research (Vol. 52, 1985). for an exposition of his points of agreement and disagreement with post-modernism.

Michel Oakeshott , Experience and Its Modes (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933). p. 99: Michel Oakeshott , 'Political Education ', in Peter laslett (ed.). Philosophy. Politics and Society (Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1956).

Friedrich Kratochwil and John Gerard Ruggie, 'International Organization: a State of the Art on an Art of the State'. International Organization (Vol. 40, No. 4. 1986).

Dear, op. cit, in note 23, pp. iii and 379: James Der Derian. 'The Boundaries of Knowledge and Power in International Relations', in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.). op. cit., in note 5. p. 6.

Ibid, pp. 6-7.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, pp. 271-73 and 278. See also N.J. Rengger , Ineommensurability, International Theory and Fragmentation of Western Political Culture', in John R. Gibbins (ed.), Contemporary Politiral Culture: Politics in a Postmodern Age ( Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989), pp. 237-50.

Martha Minow . Law Turning Outward', Telos (Vol. 73. 1988). p. 79.

Richard Posner , 'Interpreting Law: Interpreting Literature '. Raritan (Vol. 7, 1988). p. 6.

Owen Fiss , 'Objectivity and Interpretation', Stanford Law Review (Vol. 34, 1982), p. 742.

Posner , op. cit, in note 84. p. 7. See also Sanford Levinson . Constirutional Faith (Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press, 1989); Friedrich Kratochwil , 'Regimes, Interpretation and the Science of Politics: A Reappraisal', Millennium: Journal of Internalional Studies (Vol. 17, No. 2, 1988), pp. 278-80.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16. p. 285 and Richard Ashley , 'Untying the Sovereign State: A Double Reading of the Anarchy Problematique Millennom Journal of International Studies (Vol. 17. No. 2, 1988). pp. 227-49.

Richard Falk , Revolutionaries and Functionaries; the Dual Face of Terrorism (New York: Dutton , 1988).

Bradley Klein , 'The Textual Strategies of the Military: or, Have You Read Any Good Defence Manuals Lately? in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.). op. cit., in note 5.

Michel Shapiro ,'Textualising Global Politics'. in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.). op. cit., in note 5.

Timothy Luke , '"What's Wrong with Deterrence?" Alternative Perspectives on international Conflict: Semiotic and Symbolic Interactionist Interpretations of National Security Policy', in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cil., in note 5.

See Jean Raudrillard's essay, 'The Anorexic Ruins', in D. Kamper and C. Wulf (eds.). Looking Back on the End of the World (New York: Semiotexte, 1989). For a more indirect statement, see his book, Simulations (New York: Semiotexte, 1983). pp. 58-75.

Roger Hurwitz , 'Strategic and Social Fictions in the Prisoner's Dilemma', in Dcr Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cit., in note 5.

This literature is analysed in my paper, 'Post-modern Analysis and Political Orientation of Interpretation: Is Deconstruction Inherently Right-Wing or Left-Wing?, prepared for the International Sociological Association's July 1990 meeting in Madrid, Spain.

Thomas L. Pangle , 'Post-Modernist Thought, Wall Street Journal, 5 January 1989.

Habermas , op. cit, in note 6; Daniel Bell , The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (New York: Basic Books , 1976).

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, p. 263.

Alfred Fortin , 'Notes on Terrorist Text: A Critical Use of Roland Barthes' Textual Analysis in the Interpretation of Political Meaning ', in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, p. 302.

Stephen Pinter , 'Fading Postmodern Suhjects', Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory (Vol. 11 1987), pp. 140-47.

Richard Ashley , 'Geopolitics, supplementary, criticism; A reply to Professors Roy and Walker', Alternatives (Vol. 13, 1988), pp.93-94.

Ibid, p. 94. See also Ashley , op. cit, in note 87.

Claude Levi-Strauss , The Savage Mind (London: Weidenfeld , 1966), pp. 247-55. 103. Kratochwil and Ruggie , op, cit, in note 79, p. 764.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, p. 263.

In general, the return of the subject is of more concern to the affirmative post-modernists than to the sceptical post-modernists.

Marc Angenot , 'Le discours social; problematique et ensemble ', Cahiers de recherche sociofogique (Vol. 2, 1984), p. 21; Pierre Bourdieu , Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgment of Taste (Boston, MA: Harvard University Press), pp. 179, 191 and 210; Michael T. Gibbons , 'Interpretation, Conservatism and Political Practice'. Polity (Vol. 174. 1987), p. 161; Anne Norton , Reflections on Political Identity (Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988),.pp. 6-7; Foucault , op. cit, in notes 43 and 55.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 13, p. 410 ; Alain Touraine , 'Retourdu sujet', public lecture at the University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada, 25 October 1988: Alain Touraine. The Return of the Actor; a social theory in postindustrial society (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1988), pp. 38-41; Manfred Frank , L Ultime raison du sujet ( Paris: Michel Guerin, 1988); Dallmayr , op. cit. in note 54; Anthony Giddens , The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Strucruration (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1984).

Such a transformation is suggested in James N. Rosenau , 'Pallerned Chaos in Global Life: Structure and Process in the Two Worlds of World Politics '. International Political Science Review (Vol. 9, No. 4, 1988), pp. 327-64 and in James N. Rosenau. Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990), Parts 3 and 4.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, p. 282.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 13, p.409.

Fredric Jameson , 'Postmodernism. and Consumer Society', in H. Foster (ed.). Postmodern Culture , (London: Pluto Press, 1985); Dear , op. cit, in note 23, p. 380.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 13, pp. 409-410; Ashley , op. cit, in note 16. p. 282.

Dear , op. cit, in note 23, p. 380.

Kratochwil and Ruggie. op, cit., in note 79 and Ashley , op, cit, in note 87. The sceptical post-modernists may 'scrutinise' but they are reluctant to 'criticise' for to do so would be to judge and judgement requires establishing a basis for evaluation that would inevitably be logocentric.

James Der Derian , 'Spy vs. Spy: The Intertextual Power of International Intrigue'. in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cit., in note 5.

Hanna Pitkin's consideration of representation anticipates much of what is today considered post-modern. Her work. especially her definition of representation as the re-presentation of something not literally present, appears to have inspired post-modern political science. See Hanna Pitkin, The Concept of Representation (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 1967).

Michel Shapiro , 'Textualising Global Politics'. in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.). op. cit., in note 5, pp. 13-16.

Baudrillard , op. cit, in note 42, p.53.

Redner. op. cit., in note 68, pp. 676-77.

Murray Edelman , Constructing the Political Spectacle (Chicago. IL: University of Chicago Press , 1988), pp. 7-8.

Raudrillard , op, cit, in note 42, pp. 20-21 and 54.

Rcdner , op. cit, in note 68, pp. 674.

Eisenman cited in Benhabib , op. cit, in note 52, p. 104.

Michael Ryan , Marxism and Deconslruclion. a Critiral Articulation (Baltimore. MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982).

Judovitz , op. cit, pp. 68 and 70-71.

Adena Rosmarin , 'On the Theory of "Against Theory"', in W.J.T. Mitchell (ed.), Against Theory: Literary Studies and the New Pragmatism (Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1985), p. 87.

Martin Jay , 'Habermas and Modernism', in Richard Bernstein (ed.), Habermas and Modernity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1988). pp. 5-6, summarises the views of several French philosophers on the left who are ofthis conviction. See also Scherpe , op. cit, in note 9.

This view is more characteristic of the affirmative rather than the sceptical post-modernist.

John Nelson , 'Postmodern Meaning of Politics'. paper presented at a meeting of the American Political Science Association, Chicago. 1987.

Kariel , op. cit, in note 73, p. 10.

Nelson , op. cit, in note 129.

Fergus Bordewich , 'Colorado's Thriving Cults', New York Times Magazine (I May 1988).p.40

Patterns of interest in post-modernism in the humanities are similar to those suggested here for political science. Denis Donoghue , 'Deconstructing Deconstruction'. New York Review of Books (Vol. 12, June 1980), pp. 37-43.

K.J. Holsti emphasises this point in 'Mirror, Mirror on the Wall, Which Are the Fairest Theories of all ?'. International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 33, No. 3. 1989). pp. 255 and 258.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 13 and Ashley , op. cit, in note 100.

Der Derian , op. cil, in note 80, p. 8.

Ashley , op. cit, in note 16, p. 278.

Ibid, p. 279.

Ibid, p. 278.

Tzvetan Todorov , 'Two Current Debates', Times Literary Supplement (Vol. 17, June 1988), p. 684.

Der Derian , op. cit, in note 80. p. 7.

Michael Shapiro , 'Representing World Politics: The Sport/War Intertext', in Der Derian and Shapiro (eds.), op. cit., in note 5, p. 71.

Falk , op. cit, in note 88.