International Relations and the Invisibility of Ideology

See also, J. MacLean , 'Political Theory; International Theory, and Problems of Ideology', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 10, No. 2, Summer 1981), p. 110.

R. Keat , The Politics of Social Theory (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1981), p. 60; N. Jardine , ' "Realistic Realism" and the Progress of Science', in C. Hookway and P. Pettit (eds.), Action and Interpretation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 107.

See also, C. Geertz , 'Ideology as a Cultural System', in D.E. Apter (ed.), Ideology and Discontent (New York: The Free Press, 1964), pp. 47, 49; M. Seliger , Ideology and Politics ( London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976), pp. 13-23; G. Sartori. 'Politics, Ideology and Belief System ', American Political Science Review (Vol. 63, No. 2. 1969). pp. 398-9.

On the definition of ideology see, J. Plamenatz , Ideology (London: Pall Mall, 1970 ), pp. 15-8, 27-31, 43: R.M. Christenson , A.S. Jacobs , N. Rejai , and H. Waltzer , Ideologies and Modern Politics (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1971), pp. 5-6 ; H.M. Drucker , The Political Uses of Ideology (London: Hutchinson, 1980), p. 100: A. Giddens , Central Problems in Social Theory (London; Macmillan, 1979 ), pp. 183, 192: W. Carlsnaes , The Concept of Ideology and Political Analysis (Westport, Ct: Greenwood Press, 1981), pp. 8-9, 236-45; P. King , 'An Ideological Fallacy', in P. King and B.C. Parekh (eds.), Politics and Experience ( Cambridge: Cambridge Universitv Press, 1968), pp. 344-51: J. Lapalombara , 'Decline of Ideology: A Dissent and an Interpretation', American Political Science Review (Vol. 60, No. 1. 1966), p. 7; A. Maclntyre , Against the Self-Image of the Age (London: Duckworth, 1971). pp. 5-6: E.A. Shils , 'Ideology', International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences (Vol. 7, 1968), pp. 65-75; R.E. Dowse and J.A. Hughes , Political Sociology ( London: John Wiley, 1972), p. 264; W.A. Mullins , 'On the Concept of Ideology in Political Science', American Political Science Review (Vol. 66, No. 2: 1972), pp. 502-3, 510: C.B. Macpherson , 'Revolution and Ideology'; S. Barnes , 'Political Ideology and Political Behaviour', in R.H. Cox (ed.), Ideology, Politics and Political Theory (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1969), pp. 301, 349; M. Seliger. Ideology and Politics, op. cit, pp. 119-20; G. Graham , Politics in its Place (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), p. 48: R. Taras , Ideology in a Socialist State ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), p. 24.

See. J. Elster , Making Sense of Marx (Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1985 ), pp. 459-510; M. Scliger , The Marxist Conception of Ideology (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), pp. 23-45, 202-10; J. Larrain , op. cit, pp. 35-45; N. Abercrombie , B.S. Turner , 'The Dominant Ideology Thesis'. The British Journal of Sociology (Vol. 29. No. 2, 1978), pp. 150-1 ; G. Lichtheim , The Concept of Ideology ( New York: Random House, 1967), pp. 15-20, 31.

See also, Z. Bauman , Hermeneutic.s and Social Science ( London: Hutchinson. 1978), pp. 48-68.

See also, M. Seliger , Ideology and Politics. op. cit, pp. 181-5; M. Seliger , The Marxist Conception of Ideology, op. cit, pp. 81-104.

K. Marx and F. Engels , The German Ideology (New York: International Publishers, 1947), p. 39.

N. Abercrombie. S. Hill and B.S. Turner , The Dominant Thesis (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1980). pp. 7-8; N. Abercrombie and B.S. Turner. op. cit, pp. 150-1: W. Carlsnacs. op. cit, pp. 71-88: J. Plamenatz , op. cit, pp. 25-6, J. Larrain , op. cit, p. 61.

B. Parekh , 'Social and Political Thought and the Problem of Ideology', in R. Benewick , R.N. Berki and B. Parekh , Knowledge and Belief in Politics (London: Allen and Unwin, 1973), p. 72; see also, Z. Bauman , op. cit, pp. 89-104; K. Mannheim. Structure of Thinking (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1982), p. 174.

K. Mannheim , Ideology and Utopia (New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, 1936), pp. 55-60, 71-8.

Ibid. ; see also J. Plamenatz , op. cit, pp. 32, 46; A. Giddens , op. cit, pp. 169-70; M. Seliger , The Marxist Conception of Ideology, op. cit, pp. 131-41.

K. Mannheim , Ideology and Utopia, op. cit, pp. 192-204.

Ibid, p. 125.

Ibid, pp. 11-3, 36-7, 153-72, 279-83; see also, K. Mannheim , Essays on the Sociology of Culture (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1956), pp. 145-6; D.C. Hodges , 'The End of "The End of Ideology" ', The American Journal of Economics and Sociology (Vol. 26, No. 2, 1967), pp. 135-46; B. Parekh , op. cit, pp. 57-87; A. Arblaster , 'Ideology and Intellectuals', in R. Benewick, R.N. Berki, B. Parekh , op. cit, pp. 115-29.

See also, C. Geertz , op. cit, pp. 48-9; A. Giddens , op. cit, p. 170; N. Birnbaum , 'The Sociological Study of Ideology (1940-1960): A Trend Report and Bibliography', Current Sociology (Vol. 9, No. 2, 1960), p. 94.

E. Shils , 'The End of Ideology', Encounter (Vol. 5, No. 5, 1955), pp. 52-8; E. Shils , 'Ideology and Civility: On the Politics of the Intellectual', in R.H. Cox , op. cit, pp. 217-46; R. Aron , 'The End of Ideological Age', in C.I. Waxman (ed.), The End of Ideology (New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1968), pp. 27-48; S.M. Lipset , Political Man (New York: Doubleday, 1960), pp. 403-17.

R. Aron , 'On the Proper Use of Ideologies' in J. Ben-David (ed.), Culture and Its Creators ( Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1977), pp. 1-14; S.M. Lipset , 'The End of Ideology and the Ideology of the Intellectuals', in ibid., pp. 15-42; D. Bell , 'The End of Ideology in the West', in C.I. Waxman , op. cit, pp. 87-105; D. Bell and H.D. Aiken , 'Ideology, A Debate', in R.H. Cox , op. cit, pp. 157-72.

D. Bell , 'The End of Ideology in the West', in C.I. Waxman , op. cit, pp. 87-105; C. Wright Mills , 'Letter to the New Left', in ibid., pp. 126-40; R. Bendix , op. cit, p. 295; S.M. Lipset , 'The End of Ideology? ', in C.I. Waxman , op. cit, pp. 84-5; A. Giddens , op. cit, p. 179; S.W. Rousseas and J. Farganis , 'American Politics and the End of Ideology', The British Journal of Sociology (Vol. 14, No. 4, 1963), pp. 359-60. The debate on the 'End of Ideology' was hound up with another debate, that on C. Wright Mill's notion of 'Power Elite': See, C. Wright Mills , The Power Elite (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959), pp. 183-6, 205-11; D. Bell , The End of Ideology (New York: The Free Press, 1965), pp. 14, 57, 119-20.

R. Aron , in J. Ben-David (ed.), op. cit, pp. 2, 6-7; S.W. Rousseas and J. Farganis , op. cit, p. 349; A. Maclntyre , op. cit, pp. 3-4; A. Giddens , op. cit, p. 197.

H.J. Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations ( New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 89, note 1; H.J. Morgenthau , 'The Mainsprings of American Foreign Policy', in R.A. Goldwin (ed.), American Foreign Policy (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959 ), pp. 634, 639; H.J. Morgenthau , A New Foreign Policy for the United States (New York: Praeger, 1969), pp. 237-8; see also, S. Hoffmann , 'Notes on the Limits of "Realism" ', Social Research (Vol. 48, No. 4, 1981), pp. 653-9; R.N. Berki , On Political Realism (London: J.M. Dent, 1981), pp. 30, 38; R.W. Cox , 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', in R.B.J. Walker (cd.), Culture, Ideology and World Order (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1984), pp. 264-5, originally published in Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 10, No. 2, Summer 1981).

HJ Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations, op. cit, pp. 7. 14, 91-2; II. J. Morgenthau , A New Foreign Policy for the United States, op. cit, p. 242: H.J. Morgenthau , The Restoration of American Politics (Chicago. I L: University of Chicago Press, 1962), pp. 237-9: see also, J. Herz. Political Realism and Political Idealism (Chicago, IL; University of Chicago Press, 1951),pp. 200-5

H.J. Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations, op. cit, pp. 89, 99; see also, R. Anchor , 'Realism and Ideology: The Question of Order ', History and Theory (Vol. 22, No. 2, 1983), p. 107; S. Hoffmann , 'Notes on the Limits of "Realism" ', op. cit, p. 655.

R.K. Ashley , 'Political Realism and Human Interest', International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 2, 1981), pp. 204-36.

H.J. Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations, op. cit, pp. 92-8, 202-21; see also, an altogether Morgenthau's different approach to the concept of ideology in 'A Positive Approach to a Democratic Ideology', in H.J. Morgenthau , The Restoration of American Politics, op. cit , pp. 237-47.

F.S. Northedge , The International Political System (London: Faber and Faber, 1976), p. 189.

See also, J. Herz , 'Response', International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 25, No. 2, 1981), p. 201; R. Aron , Peace and War (London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1966), p. 599.

H.J. Morgenthau , Politics Among Nations, op. cit, pp. 241-56, 329-39; see also, J.H. Herz , op. cit, pp. 30, 75; J.H. Herz , The Nation-State and the Crisis of World Politics (New York: David McKay , 1976), p. 75; G. Graham , op. cit, pp. 121-40.

J. Herf , Reactionary Modernism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984); on nationalism see, J. Breully , Nationalism and the State (New York: St. Martin's Press. 1982); F.H. Hinsley , Nationalism and the International System (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1973); E. Kedourie , Nationalism (London: Hutchinson, 1969); A.D.S. Smith , Nationalism in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1979); A. Walicki , Philosophy and Romantic Nationalism: The Case of Poland (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982); E. Gellner , Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983).

See also, R.W. Cox , 'Social Forces, States and World Orders: Beyond International Relations Theory', op. cit, pp. 265-69; J. Maclean , op. cit, p. 109; R.D. Spegele , 'On Evaluative Political Realism', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 14, No. 1, 1985), pp. 39-63; R.O. Keohane , Neorealism and Its Critics ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1986), pp. 1-26.

S.D. Krasner , Defending the National Interest ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), pp. 5-20, 329-337; K.N. Waltz , Theory of International Politics (Reading, MA: Addison-Wetsey , 1979), pp. 62-3. R. Ashley , 'The Poverty of Neorealism', International Organization (Vol. 38, No. 2, 1984), pp. 228, 232-3, 250-1, 260-1, 265, 271 ; on the importance of the domestic structure see, R.O. Keohane , Neorealism and Its Critics, op. cit, p. 23; O.R. Young , 'International Regimes: Toward a New Theory of Institutions', World Politics (Vol. 39, No. 1, 1986), p. 114; P.J. Katzenstein , 'International Relations and Domestic Structures: Foreign Economic Policies of Advanced Industrial States', International Organization (Vol. 30, No. 1, 1976), pp. 1-45.

S.D. Krasner , op. cit. pp. 16-17,286,335-47.

Ibid, p. 340.

Ibid, pp. 342. 347.

F. Kratochwil , 'The Forces of Prescriptions', International Organization (Vol. 38, No. 4, 1984), pp, 685-708; O.R. Young, op. cit.

R.L. O'Meara , 'Regimes and Their Implications for International Theory', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 13. No. 3, Winter 1984), pp. 245, 253: S.D. Krasner , 'Regimes and the Limits of Realism: Regimes as Autonomous Variables'. International Organisation (Vol. 36; No. 2, 1982, p. 502; S.D. Krasner , op. cit, pp. 10-12; K.N. Waltz , Theory of International Politics. op. cit, p. 106; R. Ashley , 'The Poverty of Neorealism', op. cit, pp. 245, 250.

R. Gilpin , War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), p. 30; S.D. Krasner , op. cit, pp. 340-1; R.O. Keohane , After Hegemony (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), pp. 45-6.

R.W. Cox , 'Gramsci, Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method', Millennium: Journal of International Studies (Vol. 12, No. 2, 1983), pp. 162-75; R.W. Cox , in R.B.J. Walker , op. cit,. pp. 273-275; N. Abercrombie , S. Hill and B.S. Turner , op. cit, pp. 9, 11-4, M. Kahler. Decolonization in Britain and France (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), p. 61; W.L. Adamson , Hegemony and Revolution ( Berkeley. CA: University of California Press, 1980).

See also, R.O. Keohane , Neorealism and Its Critics, op. cit, p. 18; F.S. Northedge , op. cit, p. 101, J. Herf , op. cit, p. 235: R.K. Ashley , 'The Poverty of Neorealism', op. cit, pp. 234, 244. 294-6.

L. Dion. 'An Hypothesis Concerning the Structure and Function of Ideology', in R.H. Cox , op. cit, pp. 317, 330; J. MacLean , op. cit, pp. 109, 113, 119, 121; R.W. Cox . 'in R.B.J. Walker , op. cit, pp. 259, 277, 282; W.A. Scott , 'International Ideology and Interpersonal Ideology', Public Opinion Quarterly (Vol. 24, No. 3, 1960), pp. 419-35.

B.M. Russet and E.C. Hanson , Interest and Ideology (San Francisco, CA: W.H, Freeman, 1975), p. 126; see also, M. Kahler , op. cit, p. 62; F. Kratochwil , 'On the Notion of "Interest" in International Relations', International Organization (Vol. 36, No. 1, 1982), pp. 1-30.

O.R. Young , 'International Regimes: Toward a New Theory of Institutions', op. cit, p. 115; E.B. Haas , M.P. Williams and D. Babai , Scientists and World Order (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1977), pp. 80-1; L. Dion , op. cit, pp. 317-20; R.E. Dowse and J.A. Hughes , op. cit, pp. 245-6; A.W. Gouldner. The Dialectic of Ideology and Technology (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), p. 284.

See also, R.E. Dowse and J.A. Hughes , op. cit, p. 243; R.D. Putnam , The Comparative Study of Political Elites (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall . 1976), pp. 88-9; A.L. George , 'The "Operational Code": A Neglected Approach to the Study of Political Leaders and Decision-Making', International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 13, No. 2, 1969), pp. 190-222.

See also, S. Barnes , 'Political Ideology and Political Behaviour ', in R.H. Cox , op. cit, p. 358; D.S. Manning (ed.), The Form of Ideology (London: Allen and Unwin, 1980), p. 82; J. Plamentz , op. cit, p. 134.

See also, A. Giddens , op. cit, p. 167; J. Plamenatz , op. cit, pp. 124-6: 133, 143; W.L. Adamson , op. cit, pp. 150-1; J.G. Merquior , The Veil and the Mask ( London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979), pp. 18-9; B. Berger , 'Vilfredo Pareto and the Sociology of Knowledge', Social Research (Vol. 35, No. 2, 1967), p. 268.

R.C. Collingwood , The Idea of History(Middlesex : Penguin, 1967), pp. 217-28; on the concept of 'epistemological idealism' see, S. Simmel , The Problems of the Philosophy of History (New York: The Free Press, 1977), pp. 197-200; on the Frankfurt School and 'ideologiekritik' see R. Geuss , The Idea of Critical Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 4-44, 55-75; R. Taras , op. cit, pp. 8-9; A. Giddens , op. cit, pp. 175-6.

For a critique of the ideological style in politics see M. Oakeshott , Rationalism in Politics (London: Methuen, 1962), pp. 114-27.

A. Arblaster , 'Ideology and Intellectuals' in R. Benewick , R.N. Berki and B. Parekh , op. cit , p. 15; P. King , op. cit, p. 342; H.M. Johnson , 'Ideology and the Social System', in the International Encyclopedia for Social Sciences, op. cit, p. 77.

D. Boucher , 'The Creation of the Past: British Idealism and Michael Oakeshott's Philosophy of History', History and Theory (Vol. 23, No. 2, 1986), p. 196; N. Harris , Beliefs in Society (London: C.A. Watts, 1968), p. 9: G. Simmel , op. cit, p. 187; J. Plamenatz , op. cit, p. 31; J. Larrain , op, cit, pp. 78, 80, 93.

A. Cunningham , 'Reflections on Projections: The Range of Ideology ' in R. Benewick , R.N. Bcrki and B. Parekh , op. cit, p. 41; A. Giddens , op. cit, p. 179; R. Taras , op. cit, pp. 12, 14-16, 45; R.N. Berki , On Political Realism, op. cit, pp. 32-3.

E.A. Shils , 'Ideology', op. cit., p. 74; A. Giddens, op. cit., pp. 178-9 ; R. Axelrod (ed.). Structure of Decision (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), p. 20.

M. Oakeshott , op. cit, p. 122.

The concept of 'operational code' is one of the few which explicitly referred to the content of a specific political ideology and the way in which it related to action in the realm of foreign policy.

R. Axclrod , op. cit, pp. 40-1; see also, R. Bendix , 'The Age of Ideology: Persistent and Changing ', in D.E. Apter , op. cit, pp. 294-5.

See R. Jervis, Perception and Misperceplion in International Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976).

See also, C. Geertz , op. cit, p. 58; R.M. Christenson et al. op. cit, pp. 14-15; R. Taras , op. cit, p. 30; D. Flakser , Marxism, Ideology and Myths (New York: Philosophical Library, 1971), p. 17; G. Sartori , op. cit, p. 398, J. Plamenatz , op. cit, p. 70: W.A. Mullins. op. cit, p. 508.

R.H. Cox , op. cit, p. 7.

See also, L. Halle , 'Strategy versus Ideology', in R.H. Cox , op. cit, p. 295: F.S. Northedge , op. cit, p. 189; W. Levi , Law and Politics in the International.Society (Beverley Hills, CA: Sage, 1976), pp. 148-9.

See also, C.N. Murphy , 'What the Third World Wants: An Interpretation of the Development and Meaning of the New International Economic Order Ideology ', International Studies Quarterly (Vol. 27, No. 1, 1983), pp. 59-60; M. Smith , R. Little , M. Shackleton , Perspectives on World Politics (London: Croom Helm, 1981), p. 21: M. Kahler , op, cit, pp. 70-5.

See also, M. Seliger , Ideology and Politics, op. cit , pp. 133, 236, 268; L. Dion , in R.H. Cox , op. cit, p. 329; H. Bull , The Anarchical Society (London: Macmillan, 1977), pp. 243-8; M.I. Handel , The Diplomacy of Surprise (Harvard: Center for International Affairs, 1981), pp. 10-11.

See also, C.B. Macpherson , 'Revolution and Ideologies' in R.H. Cox , op. cit, pp. 310-313; A. Bozeman , 'The International Order in a Multicultural World', R. Dore , 'Unity and Diversity in Contemporary World Culture', in H. Bull and A. Watson , (ed.), The Expansion of International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press , 1985), pp. 387-424.

See also, H. Bull , 'The Revolt Against the West', in H. Ball and A. Watson , op. cit, pp. 217-28; M. Smith , R. Little , M. Shackleton. op. cit, pp. 17-20; S.D. Krasner , Structural Conflict (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1985), pp. 13, 42, 52-3.

See also, ibid, pp. 60, 81, 86, 89, 92; C.N. Murphy ,' What the Third World Wants', op. cit, p. 70; C.N. Murphy , The Emergence of the NIEO Ideology (Boulder, CO: University Press, 1984), p. 165; R.W. Cox , 'Ideologies and the New International Economic Order: Reflections on Some Recent Literature', International Organization (Vol. 33, No. 2, 1979), pp. 259, 263.

R. Aron , 'The End of the Ideological Age?', in C.I. Waxman , op. cit, p. 39.

See also, R.D. Masters , 'The Lockean Tradition in American Foreign Policy', Journal of International Affairs (Vol. 21, No. 2, 1967), p. 276; for a reversed argument see, V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , Marxism-Leninism and Theory of International Relations (London: Routledge and Kegan, 1980), p. 323.

W.A. Mullins , op. cit. p. 501; see also, C. Furtado , 'Dependence in a Unified World' in R.B.J. Walker , op. cit, p. 100.

R.N. Berki , 'On Marxian Thought and the Problem of International Relations', in R.B.J. Walker , op. cit, pp. 220-3; Y. Arieli , Individualism and Nationalism in American Ideology (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1964); pp. 1-30.

See also, S.D. Krasner , Defending the National Interest, op. cit, pp. 5. 26. 329-30; F.S. Northedge , op. cit, p. 199.

See also, H. Bull , The Anarchical Society, op. cit, pp. 244-5; E.L. Morse , Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations (New York: The Free Press, 1976), pp. 49, 67; K.N. Waltz , Man, the State and War (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), p. 107.

V. Kubalkova and A.A., Cruickshank , op. cit, pp. 30. 298. 301; J. Elster , op. cit, pp. 398-9. Elster preferred not to discuss Marx's writings on international politics.

See also, P. Hirst , On Law and Ideology ( Atlantic Highlands NJ: Humanities Press, 1979), pp. 3-6; V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit, pp. 31, 316.

See also, H.K. Jacobson , Networks of Interdependence (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1979), pp. 74, 77; J. Elster , op. cit, pp. 154, 438, 521-7.

J.M. Blaut , 'Nationalism as an Autonomous Force', Science and Society (Vol. 46, No. 1, 1982), pp. 1-23; R.N. Berki , op. cit, p. 221; J. Elster , op. cit, pp. 394-6, 399-402.

Ibid, pp. 428, 528-31; N. Riemar , Political Science (New York: Harcourt, Brace. Jovanovich . 1983), pp. 139-49.

See also, Z.K. Brzezinski , Ideology and Power in Soviet Politics (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 97; A. Linklater , 'Realism, Marxism and Critical International Theory', Review of International Studies (Vol. 12, No. 4, 1986), p. 304.

J.T. Uldricks , Diplomacy and Ideology ( Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1979), p. 144; see also, S.D. Krasner , op. cit, p. 330; Z.K. Brzezinski , op. cit, p. 105.

V.I. Lenin , 'What is to be Done', in V.I. Lenin , Collected Works (Moscow: Foreign Languages Publishing House, 1961), pp. 347-529; see also, L. Kolakowski , Main Currents of Marxism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), Vol. 2. pp. 467-527.

V.I. Lenin , op. cit, Vol. 22, pp. 143-56, 320-60; see also, V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit, pp. 101-3; J.M. Blaut , op. cit, p. 8.

V.I. Lenin , op. cit, Vol. 22, pp. 195-210; see also, T. Kemp , 'The Marxist Theory of Imperialism', B. Sutcliffe , 'Conclusion ' in R. Owen , B. Sutcliffe (eds.), Studies in the Theory of Imperialism (London: Longman, 1972), pp. 15-34, 312-30.

See also, K.N. Waltz , Man, the State and War, op. cit, p. 126; V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit, p. 104.

See also, J. Elster , op. cit, pp. 301-13.

See also, A. Linklater , op. cit, pp. 301-39.

W. Taubman , 'Sources of Soviet Foreign Conduct', Problems of Communism (Vol. 35, No. 5, 1986), pp. 47-52; G. Kennan , 'The Sources of Soviet Conduct', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 25, No. 4, 1947), p. 566; F.V. Kratochwil , International Order and Foreign Policy (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1978), p. 84; R.N.C. Hunt , 'The Importance of Doctrine'; A.B. Ulam , 'Soviet Ideology and the Soviet Foreign Policy', in E.P. Hoffmann and F.J. Fleron (eds.), The Conduct of Soviet Foreign Policy (London: Butterworths, 1971). pp. 107-8, 137; S. Brucan , The Dialectic of World Politics (New York: The Free Press, 1978), pp. 24-5; J. Harris , Ideology and International Politics: An Introduction to Soviet Analysis (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1970), pp. 6-9; J.H. Herz , The Nation-State and the Crisis of World Politics, op. cit , p. 88; W. Zimmerman , Soviet Perspectives on International Relations 1956-1967 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1969), pp. 283-9; K. Brzezinski , op. cit, pp. 98, 102-4, 109.

See also, J.T. Uldricks , op. cit, pp. 146-7; L. Kolakowski , op. cit, Vol. 3, pp. 21-5; V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit, pp. 176-7, 207, 229; W. Zimmerman , op. cit, pp. 81, 105, 244, 286.

See also, ibid, pp. 3, 83-8; V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit , pp, 96, 123, 126, 139; P.E. Zinner , 'The Ideological Basis of Soviet Foreign Policy', World Politics (Vol. 4, No. 4, 1951), pp. 502, 507.

See also, V. Kubalkova and A.A. Cruickshank , op. cit, pp. 134, 155, 157, 199, 212.

See also, R.H. McNeal , International Relations Among Communists (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967), pp. 1-40; A.B. Ulam , op. cit, pp. 150-1; J.A. Yunker , 'Ideological Harmonization as a Means to Promote Aythentic Detente: A False Hope', Co-Existence (Vol. 19, No. 2, 1982), pp. 167-8.

See also, J. Dewey , Liberalism and Social Action ( New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1963 ), pp. 1-27; M. Seliger , The Liberal Politics of John Locke (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1968), pp. 122-3; R.D. Masters , op. cit, pp. 259-61; E.L. Morse , op. cit, pp. 51, 56.

K.R. Minogue , The Liberal Mind (London : Methuen, 1963), p. 14; J. Dewey , op. cit, pp. 5, 38; J. Hartz , 'John Locke and the Liberal Consensus', in J.R. Howe (ed.), The Role of Ideology in the American Revolution (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston , 1970), pp. 59-60.

G. Sartori , op. cit, p. 400; M. Seliger , Ideology and Politics, op, cit, pp. 124-36; H.D. Aiken , in R.H. Cox , op. cit, p. 148; P. King , op. cit, p. 345.

J.P. Diggins , 'Ideology and Pragmatism: Philosophy or Passion? ', American Political Science Review (Vol. 54, No. 3, 1970). pp. 899-906; K. Krakau , 'American Foreign Relations: A National Style', Diplomatic History (Vol. 8, No. 3, 1984), pp. 259-60; G. Sartori , op. cit, pp. 399, 402, 405.

F. Gilbert , To the Farewell Address (New York: Harper and row, 1965), pp. 60-75; J. Dewey , op. cit, pp. 6, 35; E.L. Morse , op. cit, pp. 51-2, 70.

R. Benewick , 'Politics without Ideology: The Perimeters of Pluralism', in R. Benewick , R.N. Berki and B. Parekh , op. cit, pp. 130-50; P.J. Katzenstein , op. cit , p. 11; K.N. Waltz (1958), op. cit, pp. 85-95; R.B.J., Walker , ' World Politics and Western Reason: Universalism, Pluralism, Hegemony', in R.B.J. Walker , op. cit, pp. 186-90, 210; A. Iriye , 'Culture and Power: International Relations as Intercultural Relations', Diplomatic History (Vol. 3, No. 2, 1979), p. 122.

J.H. Herz , The Nation-State and the Crisis of World Politics, op. cit , p. 75.

L. Hartz , The Liberal Tradition (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1955), pp. 3-11, 284-309, see also, S. Hoffmann , Gulliver's Troubles (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968), pp. 114-17, 125-29; S.D. Krasner , Defending the National Interest, op. cit, p. 342; E., Weisband , The Ideology of American Foreign Policy: A Paradigm of Lockean Liberalism (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1973), pp. 16- 17; J. Masters , op. cit, pp. 262-3.

See also, C. Thorne , Ideology and Power (London : Macmillan, 1965), p. 175; J. Masters , op. cit, pp. 266, 271-2; S. Hoffmann , Gulliver's Troubles, op. cit, pp. 191-4; S. Kirby , 'National Interest versus Ideology in American Diplomacy', in R. Benewick , R.N. Berki and B. Parekh , op. cit, p. 231.

See also, F. Gilbert , op. cit, p. 50; S. Hoffmann , Gulliver's Troubles, op. cit, pp. 131-2; B. Buzan , People, States and Fear ( Chapel Hill, NC: Wheatsheaf Books, 1983), pp. 141-2, 146.

See also, R.A. Packenham , Liberal America and the Third World (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press , 1973), pp. 20-1, 43-4, 287-310.

M. Howard , War and the Liberal Conscience (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1978), pp. 59,83,126-8.