Small State Foreign Policy and International Regimes: The Case of Ireland and the European Monetary System and the Common Fisheries Policy

For studies of interdependence see, for example, the following works: Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye , Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition ( Boston, MA: Little Brown, 1977); Robert Keohane , After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press , 1984); and Edward L. Morse , Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations (New York : The Free Press, 1976). For a general study of Irish foreign policy see Patrick Keatinge , A Place Among the Nations: Issues of Irish Foreign Policy (Dublin : Institute of Public Administration, 1978).

For discussions of the impact of interdependence on foreign policy see, for example, the following: Stanley Hoffmann , Primacy or World Order: American Foreign Policy Since the Cold War (New York: McGraw Hill, 1978); Robert Keohane (ed.), Neorealism and Its Critics ( New York: Columbia University Press, 1986); David B. DeWitt and John J. Kirton , Canada as a Principal Power ( Toronto: John Wiley 1983); and, Maurice East , 'The Organizational Impact of Interdependence on Foreign Policy-Making: the Case of Norway' in Charles Kegley and Pat McGowan (eds.), The Political Economy of Foreign Policy Behavior ( Beverley Hills, CA : Sage 1980).

Dennis Swann , The Economics of the Common Market (Harmondsworth : Penguin 1978), p. 43.

For details of this see The Economist, 9 December 1978.

Dennis Swann , op. cit, pp. 54-6 and ibid.

Dennis Swann , op. cit, p. 43.

Ibid.

Bremen. 18 July 1978.

Dail Debates (DD), Vol. 308, Cols. 406-7 (11 October 1978).

Ibid., Col- 412.

Ibid.

Ibid., Cols. 413, 414.

Ibid., Cols. 569, 570.

Ibid., Cols. 562, 563.

Ibid., Col. 564.

For Lynch's estimate of the impact of participating in EMS see DD, Vol. 308, Col. 415 and Vol. 310, Col. 981.

Ibid., Vol. 308, Col 982, and Vol. 310, Col. 984 (7 December 1978).

DD, Vol. 308, Col. 431.

Ibid.

Ibid.

Peter Barry , the Fine Gael spokesman on foreign policy and formerly Foreign Minister, ibid., Col. 433.

Ibid., Col. 418.

Ibid., Cols. 1133-4.

See ibid., 1Col. 885 for FitzGerald on this point, speaking for the opposition 25. DD, Vol. 310, Cols. 412-5 (30 November 1978).

Ibid., Col. 984 for details of this and Col. 420 for FitzGeraLd's position.

Ibid., Cols. 984 and 985.

Ibid. Col.. 1988. The donors were as follows: West Germany, £26.7 million; France, £16 million; Netherlands, £4 million; Denmark, £1.3 million; and £660,000 from Luxembourg. See The Economist, 23 December 1978, and DD, Vol. 315, Cols 652-3 for further details of these transfers.

The Economist, 18 November, 1978.

The band through which the lira was permitted to fluctuate was six per cent rather than the normal range of 2.25 per cent on either side of the value allotted to the currency in the basket.

DD, Vol. 310, Col 1979. Parity ended on 30 March 1979.

Ibid., Col. 2045.

Ibid., Vol. 308, Col. 753.

Ibid., Vol. 310, Cols. 1337-8.

Ibid., Vol. 308, Col. 751.

Ibid., Col. 455.

Any doubts about this can be removed by an examination of the ghastly puns with which The Economist invariably heads any of its items on fish.

DD, Vol. 336, Col. 1178 (22 June 1982).

Ibid. for Daly's account of this.

The Economist, 6 March 1976. This view would have been hotly contested by the Irish government.

See, for example, Sean O'Donnell , 'A Real Navy Soon?', in Eire: Ireland (Vol. 12, No. 2, Summer 1977), p. 132.

The Economist, 6 November and 7 August 1976 .

This figure offered by Brian Lenihan was tor 1967.

DD, Vol. 296, Col. 764. Ireland was the least developed part of the Community 'except for southern Italy', according to FitzGerald.

Ibid., Vol. 336, Col. 1165 (22 June 1982).

Ibid., Vol. 324, Col. 967 (20 November 1980).

For details see The Economist, 6 November 1982, and DD, Vol. 336, Col. 1165.

See The Economist, 8 January 1983, for details of these figures. However, D.A. Gillmor , writing in the bulletin/magazine of the Department of Foreign Affairs, Ireland Today (No. 1005, February 1984), points out that while the weight of fish caught between 1978 and 1982 was up 127 per cent, the real value of the total catch rose by only seven per cent because most of the fish caught were cheap mackerel.

DD, Vol. 296, Cols. 663-9, and 768 and 769.

The Economist, 23 October 1976.

DD, Vol. 300, Col. 860 (18 October 1977).

Ibid., Vol. 301, Col. 14 (2 November 1977).

Ibid, Vol. 300, Col. 862 (Brian Lenihan).

See The Economist, 6 November 1976, for this point. See DD, Vol. 303, Col. 1439 for FitzGerald's account of the British pressure on Ireland to support the British case for similar concessions to those the Irish had obtained from the Community. He argued that the reasons for Ireland's success in extracting these concessions were 'goodwill' and the size of the Irish catch, (two per cent of the Community total).

DD, Vol. 303, Cols. 584-5 and 1427.

See The Economist, 4 February 1978, for details of the Berlin meeting from which the British were absent as a bargaining manoeuvre, and at which the Irish obtained further concessions. These were probably a bargaining manoeuvre on the part of the other members of the Community.

The Economist, 23 October 1978.

For details of this dispute see DD, Vol. 296, Cols. 1469, 1572 and Vol. 333, Col. 555.

Ibid., Vot. 296, Col. 1409, Kelly, parliamentary secretary to the Taoiseach, 8 February 1977.

The Economist, 28 August 1976.

DD, Vol. 333. Col. 555.

Ibid., Vol. 316, Cols. 2281-2.

The Economist, 7 May 1977.

The Effects on Ireland of Membership of the European Communities, European Parliament, p. 116.

The Economist, 7 May 1977.

Ibid., 2 October 1976.

DD, Vol. 300, Col. 527.

Ibid, Vol. 336, Cols. 1168-76 (22 June 1982).

Ibid. Col. 1180.

Ibid., Cols. 1181-2.

Ibid., Vol. 336, Col. 1419.

Ibid., Vol. 303, Col. 1428 (Brian Leniham).

The Economist, 8 January 1983 and 6 November 1982.