Sino-American Ties and Asian Security

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2063. p. 39, President's Radio Address to the Nation, June 1982; Alexander Haig , 'A Strategic Approach to American Foreign Policy', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 2045, pp. 10-13; and K. Oye (ed.), Eagle Defiant - The United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s, chapter 1.

Alexander Haig , 'American Power and American Purpose', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2063, pp. 40-44, June 1982; Ronald Reagan , 'America's Foreign Policy Challenges for the 1980s', Realism, Strength, Negotiation, Key Foreign Policy Statements of the Reagan Administration, US Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, May 1984 , pp. 12-13.

See H. Grunwald , 'Foreign Policy U nder Reagan 11', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 2, Winter 1984/85), pp. 219-239; George P. Shultz , 'New Regional Conflicts', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 4, Spring 1985), pp. 705-721; Richard Stubbing , 'The Defense Program, Building up or Binge', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 4, Spring 1985 ), pp. 848-872.

George P. Shultz , 'The U.S. and East Asia: A Partnership for the Future', Realism, Strength, Negotiation, Key Foreign Policy Statements of the Reagan Administration, op. cit., pp. 56-59; George P. Shultz , 'New Realities and New Ways of Thinking', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 3, Spring 1985 ), pp. 711-712; Takashi Oka , 'Stability in Asia', Foreign Affairs, America and the World in 1984 (Vol. 63, No. 3, Spring 1984), pp. 669-671; and R. Holbrooke and M. Zammit , 'Towards a Pacific Basin Community - Slowly', SAIS Review (Winter-Spring 1984), pp. 62-63.

See D.S. Zagoria , 'The Strategic Environment in East Asia' in D.S. Zagoria (ed.), Soviet Policy in East Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982), pp. 1-28, and P.F. Langer , 'Soviet Military Power in Asia' in the same volume, pp. 266-280; D.S. Zagoria , 'The USSR and Asia in 1984', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1985), pp. 21-32; and Stephen J. Solarz , 'The Soviet Challenge in Asia', Asia-Pacific Community (No. 25, Summer 1984), pp. 1-27, In his article, Congressman Solarz indicates that the USSR has about ten times as many bombers, three times as many tactical aircraft, eight times as many submarines, and two times as many surface ships as the US in the West Pacific. The only major strength for the US is in aircraft carriers, where Washington has a three to one advantage over Moscow.

M.J. Mansfield , 'U.S.-Japan Relations: Present and Future', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 85, No. 2094, p. 12; P.D. Wolfowitz , 'Taking Stock of U.S.-Japan Relations '. Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2090, pp. 31-32; and R.C. Holbrooke , 'U.S.-Japan Relations in the 1980s ', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 2046, pp. 14-17.

P.D. Wolfowitz , 'The U.S. and Korea: Auspicious Prospects' , Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2084, pp. 16-17.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2096, pp. 13-16.

W.A. Brown , 'The Soviet Role in Asia', Department of State Bulletin Vol. 83. No. 2081, pp. 13-14; Ronald Reagan , 'A Historical Opportunity for the U.S. and China'. Realism, Strength, Negotiation, Key Foreign Policy Statements of the Reagan Administration, op, cit., p. 70; J.H. Holdridge , 'U.S. Relations with China', Department of State Bulletin , Vol. 81, No. 2055, pp. 38-40; and J.D. Pollack , 'China's Role in Pacific Basin Security', Survival (July/August 1984), pp. 164-173.

See Hong N. Kim , 'Japan's China Policy since the Peace Treaty of 1978'. Asian-Pacific Community (No. 24, Summer 1984), pp. 67-69; and William T. Tow , 'Japan's Rearmament: the ASEAN Factor', Asian Pacific Community (No. 23, Winter 1984), pp. 17-19.

H. Harding , 'Viewpoints of America's Friends and Allies', China Policy for the Next Decade, Report of the Atlantic Council's Committee on China Policy (Washington, DC: Atlantic Council, 1984), pp. 85-108. But Takashi Oka has correctly pointed out that ASEAN states have different views on Sino-American relations as well as their own ties with China. See Takashi Oka , op.cit, pp. 665-667.

Defense and Foreign Affairs Handbook (1983) (Washington, DC: Defense and Foreign Affairs Ltd., 1983), pp. 300-308.

Ibid, pp. 614-617 and 751-756.

On the situation in the Philippines, see R.A. Manning , 'The Philippines in Crisis', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 2, Winter 1984-85), pp. 392-410; Takashi Oka , op. cit., 659-660; and J.C. Monfo , 'Recent Situation in the Philippines ', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2085, pp. 37-39. For Pakistan, see The Economist, 19 January 1985, pp. 33-34 and 2 March 1985, pp. 39-40. For South Korea, see P.D. Wolfowitz ,' The U.S. and Korea: Auspicious Prospects ', op. cit.

P.D. Wolfowitz , 'FY 1985 Assistance Requests for East Asia and the Pacific'. Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2086, pp. 52-53.

Hu Yaobang , 'Report to the 12th National Congress of the CCP', Beijing Review. 13 September 1982, pp. 29-33.

See Edmund Lee , 'Beijing's Balancing Act', Foreign Policy (No. 51, Summer 1983 ), pp. 29-39; Samuel S. Kim , 'Chinese World Policy in Transition', World Policy Journal (Spring 1984), pp. 603-633; and T.P. Bernstein , 'China in 1984', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 1, January 1985), pp. 45-47.

People's Daily, 7 April 1984, p. 1, and 17 April 1984, p. 1.

Deng Xiaoping recently repeated and reconfirmed the preconditions for improved Sino-Soviet relations, i.e., the Soviet Union should significantly reduce its troops deployed along the Soviet and Sino-Mongolian borders; it should withdraw its troops from Afghanistan; and it should cut its support to Vietnam's occupation of Kampuchea. See People's Daily, 18 April 1985, p. 1.

The New York Times. 11 July 1984.

R.C. Horn , 'The Soviet Union and Sino-Indian Relations', Orbis (Vol. 26, No. 4, Winter 1983), pp. 895-897.

P.S. Kreisberg , 'The United States and Asia in 1984', Asian Survey (Vol. 15. No. 1, January 1985), pp. 10-12.

Xinhua News Agency , 16 July 1984. and Meizho Huaqiao Rebao [China News Daily ], New York. 17 July 1984.

P.S. Kreisberg . op. cit, p. 11, and Zhuang Qubing. 'Space and Strategic Defense: A Chinese View', Beijing Review, 5 November 1984, pp. 16-19.

Liaowang [ The Outlook], Beijing, No. 29, 1984; pp. 6-7.

Peking Review, (Vol. 28, No. 16, April 1985), p. 6. The figure for 1985 was projected to be c1.6 billion.

People's Daily, 24 March 1985, and Far East Economic Review, 7 March 1985.

See Takashi Oka , op. cit, pp. 665-667.

The New York Times, 25 March 1984.

The Economist, 16 March 1985, pp. 49-50.

The Wall Street Journal, 12 March 1984, and The New York Times, 12 June 1984.

W.A. Brown , 'U.S.- Asia Security : Economic and Political Dimensions' , Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2090, p. 34-35.

The Economist, 1 December 1984, pp. 14-15.

The New York Times, 22 June 1984 and 13 July 1984; M. Nishihara , 'Expanding Japan's Credible Defense Role', International Security (Vol. 8, No. 3, Winter 1983 -84), pp. 180-205.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 81, No. 2057, pp. 38-41.

K.W. Dam 'U.S.-Japan Relations in Perspective', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2084, p. 12; R. Holbrooke and M., Zammit , op. cit, p. 74.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84. No. 2092, p. 52.

Guoji Wenti Yanjiu [The Journal of International Studies ], Beijing (No. 4, 1983), pp, 54-58: William T, Tow , op. cit, pp. 14-17; and N.B. Thayer , 'Japan in 1984 '. Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 1 January 1985), pp. 60-61.

W.A. Brown . 'The Soviet Role in Asia', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 83. No. 2081. pp. 13-15.

The Wall Street Journal, 25 November 1983 .

Xinhua News Agency , 26 June 1984; Meizhou Huaqiao Rebao, 27 June 1984.

People's Daily, 27 June 1984, p. 1,

J. Vichit-Vadakan , 'Thailand in 1984', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 2, February 1985), p. 234; The New York Times, 17 July 1984.

The New York Times, 17 July 1984; Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 83. No. 2081, p. 15.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2086, p. 53.

See Stephen J. Solarz . op. cit.

The New York Times, 12, 13, 17 July 1984.

The New York Times, 10 April 1985.

J.M. Van Derfrof , 'Kampuchea: Diplomatic Gambits and Political Realities', Orbis (Vol. 28, No. 1, Spring 1984), pp. 155-161.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 84, No. 2092, pp. 52-53.

Far East Economic Review, 7 March 1984, pp, 34-36; The New York Times, 29 November 1983 and 5 March 1984.

P.S. Kreisberg points out that from 1978 to 1982 , about 77 per cent of military aid that India received came from the Soviet Union. See P.S. Kreisberg , 'India After Indira', Foreign Affairs (Vol. 63, No. 4, Spring 1985), pp. 881-883; R.Z. Hartgrave , 'India in 1984: Confrontation Assassination, and Succession', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 2, February 1985), pp. 138-139; and The New York Times, 10 and 15 March 1984.

W.L. Richter , 'Pakistan in 1984: Digging In', Asian Survey (Vol. 15, No. 2, February 1985), pp. 152-154; The New York Times , 8 January 1984, Department of State Bulletin , Vol. 81, No. 2056, pp. 82-86.

Far East Economic Review, 14 February 1985 , pp. 24-25.

C. Karp , 'Afghanistan Under the Soviets: Five Years', Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 85, No. 2094, pp. 42-45.

The Washington Post, 19 May 1984: The New York Times, 20 March 1984; and Ragu G.C. Thomas , 'Prospects for Indo-U.S. Security Ties', Orbis (Vol. 27, No. 2, Summer 1983), pp. 371-392.

Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 82, No. 2059, p. 39.

Liaowang , 1984, No. 29, pp. 3-4.

People's Daily, 30 September 1981, p. 1.

People's Daily, 20 December 1984, p. 1, and 1 January 1985, pp. 1-2.

People's Daily, 27 June 1984; Meizhou Huaqiao Rebao, 1 October 1984.

Meizhou Huaqiao Rebao, 11 October 1984; B.S.J. Weng 'Taiwan's International Status Today', China Quarterly (September 1984), pp. 467-468.