Nationalism and the International Order

J.S. Mill , Representative Government (London: Longmans, 1865). chapter 16, p. 297.

Alfred Cobban , The Nation State and National Self-Determination (London : Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 72-73.

There is a vast literature on the Kashmir dispute. For a balanced account by an Indian author see Sisir Gupta , Kashmir - a Study in India-Pakistan Relations (London: Asia Publishing House , 1966) and for a useful survey of the view from Pakistan see G.W. Choudhury , Pakistan's Relations with India, 1947-6b (London: Pall Mall Press. 1968).

Alfred Cobban , op cit, pp. 114-116.

Ibid, pp. 74-75.

Martin Wight , Systems of States (Leicester Leicester University Press, 1977), chapter 6, p. 167.

Ibid.

Sally Healy , 'The Changing Idiom of Self-Determination in the Horn of Africa', and James Mayall, 'Self-Determination and the OAU', in I. M. Lewis (ed.), Nationalism and Self- Determination in the Horn of Africa (London: Ithaca Press , 1983). pp. 77-110.

See, for example, M. Honeywell , J. Pearce et. al., Falklands/,Vfalv,,ina.s: Whose Crisis? (London: Latin American Bureau, 1982) and Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Special Issue, `The Falklands Crisis: One Year Later' (Vol. 12. No. 1, 1983).

Anthony S. Reyner , 'Morocco's International Boundaries: A Factual Background', Journal oT Madern African Studies (Vol. 1, No. 3, 1963): Édouard Meric , 'Le Contlit A]gero-Marocain', Revue Française de Science Politique (Vol. 15, No. 4. 1965); also. Patricia Berko Wild , `The Organisation of African Unity and the Algerian-Moroccan Border Conflict', International Organisation (Vol. 20, No. 1, 1966).

Witness the difficulty which the British and Spanish governments had in arriving at a formula which would allow the re-opening of the border between Gibraltar and Spain in early 1985 without prejudicing possible future negotiations on the issue of sovereignty, and a similar difficulty which Britain currently faces in finding a basis on which to discuss the Northern Irish problem with the Irish government in Dublin.

See John Drysdale , The Somali Dispute (London : Pall Mall Press, 1964) and I. M. Lewis, A Modern History af Somalia ( London: Longmans, 980).

Vincent Thompson , Conflict in the Horn of Africa: A Study of the Kenya-Somalia Border Problem, 1941-1978 (University of London Ph. D. thesis, 1985).

Alastair Lamb , The China-Indian Border: The Origins of the Disputed Boundaries (London: Oxford University Press, 1964), chapter 3.

M.D. Donelan and M.J. Grieve , International Disputes: Case Histories 1945-1970 (London: Europa Publications , 1973), pp. 147-150.

The ICJ was asked firstly, whether Western Sahara was a territory belonging to no one at the time of its colonisation and secondly, if not, what legal ties existed between the territory, the Kingdom of Morocco and the 'Mauritanian entity'. Its opinion was delivered on 16 October 1975. On the first count, by a vote of 13-3, the Court judged that the territory did not belong to anyone; on the second, by votes of 14-2 and 15-2 respectively, it found that only limited legal ties existed between the territory and the Kingdom of Morocco and Mauritania. The substansive passage of the opinion reads as follows: 'The Court's conclusion is that the material and information presented to it do not establish any tie of territorial sovereignty between the territory of Western Sahara and the Kingdom of Morocco. Thus the Court has not found legal ties of such a nature as might affect the application of General Assembly Resolution 1514(XV) on the decolonisation of Western Sahara and in particular, of the expression of self-determination through the free and genuine expression ofthe will of the peoples of the territory'.

Ernest Gellner. Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), pp. 43-50.

The Pakistan National Assembly passed a unanimous resolution authorising President Bhutto to recognise Bangladesh 'at the appropriate time' on 10 July 1973. Diplomatic recognition was finally announced shortly before the opening of the Islamic Conference, on 22 February 1974.

Selig F. Harrison , In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptation (New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981), chapter 7.

Lee. C. Buccheit , Secession, The Legitimacy of Self- Determination (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1991), p. 119.

A.D. Smith , The Ethnic Revival in the Modern World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), chapter 9.