The Evolution of the Attitude of the Italian Communist Party Towards the European Economic Community

Hallstein writes, for example, ... since Adam Smith the arguments in favour of free trade have been refined and qualified by a very considerable body of economic doctrine, but the core of the theory still stands'. See, W. Hallstein , United Europe (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1962), p. 31.

Stuart Holland , Uncommon Market (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 9.

Ibid.

Von der Groeben argued that 'the Common Market is gradually divesting the Member States of the traditional instruments for influencing trade between Community countries: customs duties, quantitative restrictions, and limitations on the free movement of goods, services and capital....[But] it gives the Community and the Member States no powers to intervene directly in entrepreneurial planning and operations, which are to be co-ordinated through the play of the market and price mechanisms'. See, Hans von der Groeben , Competition Policy in the Common Market (Brussels: EEC Commission, 1965). p. 8.

Stuart Holland , op. cit, p. 10.

This argument is not recent and can be found in Lenin's writings where he argues that 'specialisation, by its very nature, is endless, exactly as is also the development of technology.... The progress of technology must bring with it the specification of different branches of production, their socialisation and consequently, the enlargement of the market'. V. I. Lenin , quoted in M.M. Maximova , Osnovnye Problemy Imperialisticheskoy Integratsii (Moscow: Mysl, 1972), p. 37.

Ibid p. 128.

The roots of this line of reasoning, again, date to Lenin, when he writes. 'Forward through the trusts, etc., and beyond them socialism'. V.I. Lenin , quoted in Y.V. Shishkov , Obshchiy Rynok: Nadezhdy i Deistvitelnost (Moscow: Mysl, 1972), p. 253.

H. Timmerman , I comunist italian (Bari: Laterza , 1974), p. 115.

'Communique of the Executive Committee of the PCI of 24 March 1957', in L. Barca , F. Botta and A. Zevi (eds.), I comunisti italiani e l'economia italiana 1944-74 (Bari: De Donato, 1975), pp. 237-241.

My analysis here is based on that of Giuseppe Vacca's in ' La logica dei blocchi', Rinascita (No. 41, 17 October 1969), pp. 15-16.

P. Allum , The Italian Communist Party Since 1945, Occasional Paper, University of Reading Graduate School of Contemporary European Studies (1970).

G. Napolitano , 'Le prospettive del Mec', Politica e economia (No. 7, July 1958), p. 25.

'Communique of 24 March 1957', in L. Barca , F. Botta , and A, Zevi (eds.), op cit.

Ibid.

'Resolution of the Executive Committee of the PCI of 8 January 1959', in L. Barca , F. Botta and A. Zevi (eds.), op. cit.

'Declaration of the Communist Parties of the EEC Countries ' (Brussels. 2 April 1959).

Ibid.

E. Peggio , 'Riesaminare il Mec', Politica e economia (No. 12, December 1959), p. I.

'The very act of denouncing the activities of the monopolies and mobilising the masses of workers can be facilitated by the presence of the legitimate representation of the working class in these organisations'. L. Barca , 'Promemoria della delegazione italiana alia commissione preparatoria ', in Intervisti della delegazione del partito comunista italiano alla conferenza degli 81 partiti comunisti ed operai ( Rome: A cura delta sezione centrale di stampa e propaganda della Direzione del PCl , 15 January 1962), pp. 39-40.

G. Amendola , 'Lotte di classe e sviluppo economico dopo la liberazione', Tendenze del capitalismo Italiano (Rome : Riuniti, 1962), p. 11.

Ibid

L'Unità , 27 April 1962.

D. Blackmer , Unity in Diversity: Italian Communism and the Communist World ( Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1968), p. 312.

N.S. Khrushchev , Kommunist (No. 12, August 1962).

Slowo Powszechne. 9 August 1971.

L. Brezhnev , 'Speech to the 15th Congress of the Soviet Trade Unions', quoted in The Times (London), 21 March 1972.

P. Togliatti , 'Report to the 10th Congress of the PCI', Nella democrazia et nella pace verso il socialismo (Rome : Riuniti, 1963), p. 204,

Communique of the PCI of 22 February 1963, 'Per una iniziativa democratica europea e una revisione dei trattati del Mec'.

'Confidential memorandum to the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party', in P. Togliatti , Opere scelte (Rome: Riuniti, 1974), pp. 1170-81.

H. Timmerman , op. cit, pp.122-3.

Ugo Pecchioti , 'Le forze democratiche e l'Europe a del Mec', Critica marxista (Vol. 4, No. 3, May-June 1966), pp. 3-5.

G. Amendola , 'Speech to the European Parliament of 12 March 1969', in L. Barca , F. Botta and A. Zevi (eds.), op. cit.

Luigi Longo , 'Report of the 12th Congress of the PCI', in XIII Congresso del partito comunista italiano atti e risoluzione (Rome : Riuniti, 1969), p. 63.

Berlinguer said, 'It is our opinion that respect for the principle of non-interference cannot exclude freedom of judgement on theoretical or political positions taken by other political parties, as well as on particular events in international life in the workers' movement, quoted in The Times (London), 1 July 1976, passim.

'E. Berlinguer conta "anche" sulla NATO per mantenere l'autonomia da Mosca', Corriere della sera, 15 June 1976 .

See 'Riflessioni sull Italia dopo i fatti del Cite', in E. Berlinguer , La questione comunista (Rome: Riuniti, 1975), pp. 609-39.

'The essential fact is that the general transformation which we want to bring about in Italy by democratic means requires at every stage both firmness and consensus' (emphasis added). Ibid., p. 627.

'Intervista con Giorgio Amendola', Appendix to G. Luciani, II PCl ed il capitalismo occidentale (Milan: Longanesi, 1977).

C. Webb , Eurocommunism and Foreign Policy(London: PSI, 1979),p. 41.

OECD Economic Surveys: Italy (Paris: OECD, 1973).

Robert D. Putnam , 'Interdependence and the Italian Communists ', International Organization (Vol. 32, No. 2, Spring 1978), pp. 301-50.

See, F. Cassano , 'Teoria del blocco storico e ricomposizione del lavoro nel capitalismo maturo', in F. Cassano (ed.), Marxismo e filosofia in Italia: 1958-71 (Bari: De Donato, 1973 ), pp. 27-76.

'Programma dei comunisti per un govemo di svolta democratica ', in XIII Congresso del partito comunista italiano (Rome: Riuniti, 1970), p. 547.

S. Segre , 'L'Italia, L'Europa e la distensione', Critica marxista (Vol. 13, No. 1, January-February 1975), p. 28.

S. Leonardi , 'La tendenza dell'integrazione europea e la posizione del PCI', Politica economia (Vol. I, No. 1, July-August 1970), pp. 15-16.

G. Amendola , 'L'Europa nel ciclone', Rinascita (No. 47, 30 November 1973), pp. 1-2,.

N. Jotti , quoted in 'I comunisti italiani e I'Europa atti del convegno promosso dal CESPE edai gruppi parliamentari del PCI', Quaderni di polilica e economia (No. 3), p. 85.

A. Gramsci , Lettere del carcere (Turin : Einaudi ).