The Incompatibility of Socialism and Rapid Innovation

John E. Elliot , 'Marx and Contemporary Models of Socialist Economy', History of Political Economy (Vol. 8, No. 2, 1976), pp. 151-184,

For the purposes of this article, 'invention' and 'innovation' have their standard economic meanings - an 'innovation' is the first application by a firm or enterprise of an 'invention'.

Louvan E. Nolting and Murray Feshbach , 'R&D Employment in the USSR- Definitions, Statistics, and Comparisons', in United States, Congress, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change ( Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 1979), p. 747.

Imogene Edwards , Margret Hughes, and James Noren, 'US and USSR: Comparisons of GNP ' in United States, Congress, op. cit. , p. 377.

Ibid, p. 370.

Ibid, p. 378 Table 1.

Stanislaw Gomulka , 'Slowdown in Soviet Industrial Growth 1947-1975 Reconsidered'. European Economic Review (Vol. 10, No. I, 1977), pp. 37-50.

Abram Bergson , Productivity and the Social System: the USSR and the West ( Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press , 1978).

Eugene Zaleski and Helgard Wienert , Technology transfer between East and West (Paris: OECD, 1980), p. 116 Table 29 n.8.

Christopher Freeman and Andrew J. Young , The Research and Development Effort in Western Europe, North America and the Soviet Union (Paris: OECD, 1965), p. 74 Table 6.

Eugene Zaleski and Helgard Wienert , op. cit, p. 75 Table 7.

Eugene Zaleski, J. P. Kozlowski , H. Wiernert , R.W. Davies , M.J. Berry , and R. Amann , Science Policy in the USSR ( Paris: OECD, 1969).

Julian Cooper , 'Research, Development and Innovation in the Soviet Union', in Z. M. Fallenbuchl (ed.), Economic Development in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, Vol ( New York: Praeger, 1975), pp. 139-196; Julian Cooper , 'Innovation for innovation in Soviet Industry', Discussion Paper of the Centre for Russian and East European Studies, University of Birmingham (1979).

Joseph Berliner , The Innovation Decision in Soviet Industry (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1976).

Philip Hanson , Trade and Technology in Soviet-Western Relations (London: Macmillan, 1981).

Kazmierz Poznanski , 'A Study of Technical Innovation in Polish Industry ' Research Policy (Vol. 9. No. 3, 1980).

Stanislaw Kubielas , 'Mechanism of Technological Progress Under the Economic/Financial System in Polish Industry', unpublished manuscript in Polish (1980).

James Grant , 'Soviet Machine Tools: Lagging Technology and Rising Imports', in United States, Congress, op. cit. , p. 555.

Leszek Balcerowicz , Organizational Structure of the National Economy and Technological Innovations', Acta Oecnnomica (Vol. 24, Nos. 1-2, 1980), pp. 151-167.

John A. Martens and John P. Young , 'Soviet Implementation of Domestic Inventions: First Results', in United States, Congress, op. cit., pp. 505-506.

Julian Cooper , 'Iron and Steel', in Ronald Amann , Julian Cooper , and R. W. Davies (eds.). The Technological Level of Soviet Industry ( London: Yale University Press, 1977 ), p. 96 Table 3.11, p. 98 Table 3.12.

Philip Hanson , 'The End of Import-Led Growth? Some Observations on Soviet, Polish and Hungarian Experience in the 1970s', Journal of Comparative Economics (Vol. 6, No. 2. 1982), p. 136 Table 3.

Tamas Bauer and K.A. Soos , Inter-Firm Relations and Technological Change in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Hungarian Motor Industry', Acra Oeconomica (Vol. 23, Nos. 3-4. 1979), pp. 285-303.

Joseph A. Schumpeter , Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1976).

Partha Dasgupta and Joseph Stiglitz , Industrial Structure and the Nature of Inventive Activity', The Economic Journal (Vol. 90, No. 358, 1980), pp. 266-290.

For a recent survey of the empirical literature on this point, see Morton I. Kamien and Nancy L. Schwartz , Market Structure and Innovation ( Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982),Chapter 3.

This is discussed further in Stanisiaw Gomulka , 'Economic Factors in the Democratization of Socialism and the Socialization of Capitalism'. Journal of Comparative Economics (Vol. 1, No.4, 1977), pp. 389-406.

Stanislaw Gomulka , Inventive Activity, Diffusion, and the Stages of Economic Growth (Aarhus, Denmark: Aarhus University, 1971); Stanislaw Gomulka , 'Economic Factors in the Democratization of Socialism and the Socialization of Capitalism '. op. cit.