Ethnic Identity and World Order

For such criticisms, cf, inter alia, K. Popper , The Open Society and Its Enemies, Vol. II (London : Princeton University Press, 1962 ), especially pp. 49-51; H. Trevor-Roper , Jewish and Other Nationalisms (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1962); and E. Kedouric , Nationalism (London : Hutchinson University Library, 1960). Not to mention Lenin's Critical Remarks on the National Question (Moscow: Foreign Language Publishing House, 1951).

J. Dunn , Western Political Theory in the Face of the Future ( Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1979 ), p. 55.

A.D. Smith , Theories of Nationalism (London: Duckworth and Company, Ltd., 1971), pp. 15, 17-21.

H. Gerth and C. Mills (eds.), From Max Weber, Essays in Sociology ( London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1948), p. 176. But for Weber, the state is a rational association, the nation needs the state to protect its unique cultural values against other value-bearing communities, cf. D. Beetham , Max Weber and the Theory of Modern Politics (London : Allen and Unwin, Ltd., 1974), chapter 5.

For some of these movements, cf. 'Nationalism and Separatism ', Journal of Contemporary History (Vol. 6, 1971)

For a fuller discussion, cf. R. Schormerhorm , Comparative Ethnic Relations (New York: Random House Publishing , 1970), p. 12; and E.K. Francis , Interethnic Relations (New York: Elscvicr Scientific Publishing Company, 1976).

A.D. Smith , The Ethnic Revival (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), chapter 4; also B. Akzin , State and Nation (London: Hutchinson University Library, 1964), chapter 5.

The whole question of 'primordialist' and 'instrumentalist' approaches to ethnicity is discussed in the essays of Brass and Robinson in D. Taylor and M. Yapp (eds.). Political Identity in South Asia (SOAS, London : Curzon Press, 1979).

D. Bell , 'Ethnicity and Social Change', in N. Glazer and D. Moynihan (eds.), Ethnicity, Theory and Experience (Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1975 ), especially pp. 169-171.

On the Bangala, cf. T. Turner , 'Congo-Kinshasa', in V. Olorunsola (cd.), The Politics of Cultural Subnationalism in Africa (New York: Anchor Books, 1972): and, more generally, on the manipulation and 'invention' of ethnicity, C. Enloe , Ethnic Soldiers (Harmondswoith: Penguin Books , 1980).

On Herder's cultural populism, cf. I. Berlin , Vico and Herder (London: Hogarth Press, 1976); and F. Barnard , Herder's Social and Political Thought (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1965), chapter 2.

cf. R. Debray , 'Marxism and the National Question', New Left Review (No. 105, 1977), pp. 20-41.

Cited in full in E. Kedourie (ed.), Nationalism in Asia and Africa (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971), passim.

H. Sharabi , Arab Intellectuals and the West (Baltimore and London: John Hopkins Press, 1970); I. Geiss , The Pan African Movement ( London: Methuen Company, Ltd., 1974 ).

E. Kedourie (ed.), Nationalism in Asia and Africa, op. cit. ; and C. Heimsath, Indian Nationalism and Hindu Social Reform ( Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1964).

cf. the essays in M. Esman (ed.), Ethnic Conflict in the Western World (Ithaca : Cornell University Press, 1977 ); also W. Petersen , 'On the Subnations of Europe', in Glazer and Moynihan (eds.), Ethnicity op. cit. ; and J. Krejci and J. Velimsky , Ethnic and Political Nations in Europe (London: Croom Helm, 1981).

R. Rosenblum , Transformations in Late Eighteenth Century Art ( Princeton : Princeton University Press, 1967 ).

For these Herderian notions, cf. note 11 supra.

W. Connor , 'Nation-building or Nation-destroying?', World Politics (Vol. 24, 1972) pp. 319-55; and idem., 'Ethnonationalism in the First World', in Esman (ed.), Ethnic Conflict op. cit.

L. Trivey (ed.), The Nation-State (Oxford: Martin Robertson and Company, 1980), especially Introduction.

C. Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), especially Introduction and Conclusion; and G. Poggi , The Development of the Modern State (London: Hutchinson, 1978).

cf. A.D. Smith , 'States amd Homelands', Millennium (Vol. 10, No. 3, 1981) pp. 187-202.

For some Arab historicist arguments over Palestine, cf. the extracts collected in S. Haim (ed.), Arab Nationalism (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963.

cf. R. Bendix , Nation-building and Citizenship (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1964).

E. Durkheim , Suicide (conclusion) of 1897, G. Simpson (ed.), (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul , 1952).

On the role of warfare, cf. A.D. Smith , 'War and Ethnicity ', Ethnic and Racial Studies (Vol. 4, 1981) pp. 375-97.

H. Kohn , Prelude to Nation-States (New York: D. Van Nostrand and Company, 1967), part I.

Some cases are documented in A. Said and L. Simmons (eds.), Ethnicity in an International Context (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, Inc., 1976).

D. Ronen , The Quest for Self-Determination (New Haven and London: Yale University, 1979).

For the Norman case, cf. R. Davis , The Normans and Their Myth ( London: Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1976), especially p. 55; and more generally, S. Reynolds , 'Medieval Origines Gentium and the Community of the Realm', (unpublished MSS, 1981).