The Security Council voted 10:1 (Panama) with 4 abstentions (China, Poland, Spain, USSR) to determine that a breach of the peace existed in the region of the Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) and demanded an immediate withdrawal of all Argentine forces, calling on the governments of Argentina and the United Kingdom to seek a diplomatic solution to their differences.
2.
An emergency meeting of Foreign Ministers of the OAS was held from 27-29 May. Argentina wanted sanctions against Britain but the resolution passed 17:0, with 4 abstentions (including the US) merely condemned the 'unjustified and disproportionate' armed attack perpetrated by Britain. Peter Calvert comments that only 'heavy US lobbying' prevented a call for mandatory sactions, The Falklands Crisis: the Rights and Wrongs, (London, Frances Pinter, 1982), p. 135.
3.
See note 8 below.
4.
Gen. Assembly Resolution 377 (V), 3 Nov. 1950. The Uniting for Peace Resolution was a US initiative to deal with the problem of the Soviet veto but it has become a Third World mechanism as Third World States now make up the majority of UN members. It was used most recently, for the sixth time, to condemn the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in January 1980.
5.
Action against North Korea was a special case of voluntary military measures, made possible by the Soviet Union's temporary - and not to be repeated - absence from Security Council meetings in the summer of 1950. Mandatory measures against South Africa arc limited to an arms embargo imposed by Security Council Resolution 418, 4 November, 1977.
6.
See T. Bingham and S.M. Gray, Report on the Supply of Petroluem and Petroleum Products to Rhodesia, 1978 (Foreign & Commonwealth Office, IIMSO); Martin Bailey and Bernard Rivers, Oll Sanctions against Rhodesia: a paper prepared for the Commonwealth Committee on Southern Africa (Commonwealth Secretariat, London, 1977).
7.
Case concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, ICJ Reports, 1979 and 1980.
8.
Security Council Resolution 461, 31 December 1979, repeated an earlier call for release of the hostages as well as threatening 'effective measures'. Voting was 11:0 with 4 abstentions (Bangladesh, Czechoslovakia, Kuwait and USSR. Zambia and China entered reservations that they were not bound by the call for sanctions. The US draft resolution for sanction was vetoed by the USSR on 13 January 1980. East Germany also opposed; Bangladesh and Mexico abstained and China did not participate.
9.
See The Front Line States: the Burden of the Liberation Struggle, (London: Commonwealth Secretariat, 1978).
10.
References to 'the international debt crisis' can be found in all leading newspapers in November and December 1982. For a warning about the dangers of international financial sanctions, in spite of the impact noted in the Iranian case, see Robert Carswell, 'Economic Sanctions and the Iran Experience ', Foreign Affairs, Vol. 60, 1981-82, pp. 247-65. See also Calvert's comments in The Falklands Crisis, op. cit., pp. 124-5.
11.
The regulations were promulgated under the US Export Administration Act in June 1982. See report in the Financial Times, 19 June 1982.
12.
Text of the Note Verbale and supporting argument sent by the Ten to Washington is in Agence Europe, Documents, 12 August 1982, N. 1216.
13.
A series of official explanations of US measures which included retaliation for martial law in Poland, the need to avoid energy dependence on the Soviet Union and to deny it hard currency, and allegations that the pipeline was being built with slave labour were described as a 'confusing rag-bag of rationalisations' in the Financial Times, 27 August 1982.
14.
Media criticism of British participation, suggesting that the loans could be used by Argentina for arms purchases, forced the Government and the Bank of England to take the unusual step of announcing official support for the participation of Lloyds and other British banks. The Prime Minister, in a written answer to a Parliamentary Question, pointed out that the loans were 'to help Argentina continue paying its debts, many of which are to residents of this country'. See reports in the Times and Daily Telegraph of 18 and 21 December 1982.
