Saul K. Padover, Jefferson (London: Jonathan Cape , 1942), pp. 390-2, Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine (London: Longmans, 1960 ), pp. 28-33.
2.
Thomas B. Davis, Jr. , Carlos de Alvear: Man of Revolution ( Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1955), p. 104. Dexter Perkins, A History of the Monroe Doctrine, p. 330.
3.
Samuel F. Bemis, A Diplomatic History of the American People (New York: Henry Holt, 1955), 4th edition, pp. 251-2.
4.
In particular by the so-called 'Roosevelt Corollary' to the Monroe Doctrine and the subsequent period of `Dollar Diplomacy'. See Perkins, op. cit, p. 228ff.
5.
Perkins, op. cit, pp. 342-6.
6.
GordonConnell-Smith, The Inter-American System (London: OUP for RIIA, 1966), pp. 142-3,195.
7.
The Sistema Economica Latino-americana (SELA).
8.
The Times, 29 August 1981, 23 October 1981.
9.
The Times, 16 April 1982.
10.
The Times, 15 April 1982.
11.
The Times, 26, 27, 28, 29 April 1982. Text in International Legal Materials XXI, No. 3, May 1982, pp. 669-671.
12.
Latin America World Report, 4 January 1980.
13.
The Times, 29 May 1982.
14.
Text in International Legal Materials, loc. cit., pp. 672-5.
15.
The Sunday Times, 6 June 1982; The Times, 7 June 1982.
16.
The Times, 3 November 1982, 6 November 1982.
17.
The Times, 29 July 1982.
18.
The Times, 17 July 1982.
19.
Stephen Schlesinger and Stephen Kenzer, Bitter Fruit: the Untold Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (London: Sinclair Browne, 1982), pp. 170ff.
20.
In March, the quadrennial elections had been widely denounced as fraudulent, and on 23 March a peaceful coup installed in power a junta under General Efrain Elias Montt, a former Presidential candidate. He promised to end the 'death squads' that had been the bane of Guatemalan life for years, and initially appeared to have been successful. A convert to evangelical Protestantism in 1978, despite being the brother of the liberal Bishop of Escuintla, he followed this up by initiating a 'hearts and minds' campaign to outflank the guerrillas, who regarded his seizure of power as no more than a cosmetic change. In the last month of 1982, a steep rise in the number of reported casualties suggested that the 'hearts and minds' campaign was again being supplemented by tough military action.
21.
The Times, 2 July 1982.
22.
The Guardian, 10 January 1983.
23.
The Times, 23 November 1982.
24.
In the aftermath of the massive discoveries of oil in the mid-1970s, the López Portillo administration had begun a programme of massive governmental expenditure, borrowing heavily and unwisely in the short-term market to tide it over the initial years. The possibility of an actual fall in the world price for oil had, it seems, not been considered. Planning had, in any case, failed to take account of the fall in oil consumption which meant a sharply decreased government revenue after 1979. Furthermore - a problem not by any means unique to Mexico - much of the later loans had not be used productively, either through waste or corruption, or attempts to pay off earlier loans.
