Statement by Roger Morris, South Africa at Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, subcommittee on African Affairs, US Senate, 94th Congress, 2nd Session 1977, p. 238. Morris joined the administration in 1969 as a Senior Staff Assistant to Henry Kissinger. Previous to that he has been a member of the Johnson Administration, serving as a Special Assistant to Mc-George Bundy, NSC Staff member and Senior Staff Member for African Affairs.
2.
For a typical comparison of the situations in South Africa and the Soviet Union see Henry Kissinger's testimony before the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Nomination of Henry A. Kissinger to be Secretary of State, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, US Senate, 93rd Congress, 1973, p. 116.
3.
National Security Memorandum (NSSM) 39, p. 52.
4.
Ibid., p. 67.
5.
Ibid., p. 67.
6.
Ibid., p. 69.
7.
David Newsom , 'US-African interests: a frank appraisal', Speech to the Royal Commonwealth Society, 14 March 1973 , Department of State Bulletin (68:1764) 16 April 1973.
8.
Statement of David Newsom, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, Policy Towards Africa for the 1970s, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, subcommittee on Africa, House of Representatives, 91st Congress, 2nd Session1970, p. 324.
9.
William Rogers , 'Report on African Tour to Congress', Department of State Bulletin (62:1608) 20 April 1970, p.9.
10.
David Newsom , 'A look at African Issues at the United Nations ', Address to the Atlanta Press Club, 21 September 1971, Department of State Bulletin (65:1685) 11 October 1971.
11.
The Star (Johannesburg) 20 March 1976 .
12.
David Newsom , 'US options in Southern Africa', Address at Northwestern University, 8 December 1970, Department of State Bulletin (4:1647) 7 January 1971.
13.
Ibid., p. 84.
14.
David Newsom , 'US-African interests: a frank appraisal', op. cit.
15.
William Rogers, np. cit.
16.
In 1973, Colin Legum wrote:
17.
Whereas the Congress [ANC, PAC, NIC] had little effective grassroots support in the reserves and only a precarious base in the urban areas, they [the African homeland leaders] now operate legally from substantial political bases within a constitutional framework; leaders can now legally be deprived of their right to act as spokesmen for their designated constituencies only by an abrogation of the law designed to establish separate development.
18.
See, Colin Legum, 'Political Leadership in the Bantustans', Third World (No. 2, 1973), p. 17.
19.
Clarence Mitchell , 'US discusses human rights in South Africa', Address to Social Political Committee, United Nations, 28 November 1975, Department of State Bulletin (73:1905) 29 December 1975, p. 926.
20.
Charles Diggs , the Chairman of the House subcommittee on Africa, drew the attention of the House of Representatives to the fact that there had been 70 bannings in 1973 compared with 13 the previous year. See the Congressional Record, 93rd Congress, 2nd Session, 28 January 1974, p. 836.
21.
Embtel 37828 US Embassy, Cape Town, 3 February 1976, cited in Aida Parker, Secret US war against South Africa.
22.
'Interview with David Newsom, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs', Africa Report (Vol. 17, No. 3) March 1972.
23.
Jeffrey Butler and Robert Rotberg, The Black Homelands of South Africa (Berkley, CA: University of California Press, 1977). 227
24.
The Star (Johannesburg) 14 August 1972 .
25.
Memorandum from Maurice Stans, Secretary of Commerce, to Richard Nixon, May 1969. 24.
26.
Memorandum from Theodore Elliot, Department of State, to Henry Kissinger, 14 March 1971.
27.
Robert Smith , 'The dilemma of foreign investment in South Africa', Address before the American Society of International Law, 30 April 1971, Department of State Bulletin (64:1670) 28 June 1971.
28.
Statement of Myron Kratzer, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, US Policy Towards South Africa, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, subcommittee on Africa, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, May 1976, p. 297.
29.
Statement of Nelson Sievering, Assistant Administrator for International Affairs, Energy Research and Development Assistance, Resource Development and US Policy, Hearings before the Committee on International Relations, subcommittee on International Resources, Food and Energy, House of Representatives, 94th Congress, 1st Session, May 1976, p. 58.
30.
Statement of James Blake, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, US policy towards South Africa, Hearings before the Committee on Foreign Relations, subcommittee on African Affairs, US Senate, 94th Congress, 1st Session, 1975, p. 308.
31.
The New York Times, 31 January 1976.
32.
The letter is cited at length in Maxine Issacs , 'Tilting towards South Africa', Africa Report (Vol. 21, No. 2) March/April 1976.
33.
Ibid.
34.
NSSM 39 was not discussed in the American press until April 1972; see The New York Times, 2 April 1972. The full text was not leaked, however, until April 1974.
35.
Cited in David Abernathy, 'The major foreign policy positions of the Reagan administration: implications for US-South African relations ', International Affairs Bulletin (Vol. 5, No. 21981), p. 41.
36.
Chester Crocker , 'A mid-term assessment of the Carter administration's policies in Africa', International Affairs Bulletin (Vol. 3, No. I June 1979), p. 24. Chester Crocker was the Director of African Studies at Georgetown University's Center for Strategic and International Studies from 1976-1981. During the Nixon administration he served as a consultant to the State Department and NSC and was an NSC Staff Officer from 1970-1972 where he co-ordinated policy studies involving the Middle East, Africa and the Indian Ocean.
37.
Statement of Richard Moose, Assistant Secretary for African Affairs, US Policy towards South Africa, Committee on Foreign Affairs, subcommittee on Africa, 99th Congress, 2nd Session, March 1980.
38.
Statement of Roger Morris, South Africa, op. cit ., p. 236.
39.
Statement of Chester A. Crocker, US Policy towards South Africa. Committee on Foreign Affairs, subcommittee on Africa, 99th Congress, 2nd Session, March 1980, p. 704.
40.
Ibid., p. 707.
41.
Washington Post, 5 June 1981.
42.
Ibid. During the Botha meeting, the South African delegation discussed nuclear co-operation with the Assistant Secretary for Environmental and Scientific Affairs, James Malone. The first of the French supplied nuclear reactors for Koeberg was ready for initial fuel loading in March 1982, but commissioning may be delayed indefinitely if an adequate supply of enriched uranium is not found.
43.
Washington Post, 27 February 1982.
44.
Washington Post, 5 June 1981.
45.
The New York Times, 21 December 1981.
46.
Colin Legum (ed.), African Contemporary Record 1970-71 (London: Rex Collings, 1971), p. 522.
47.
NSSM 39, p. 69.
48.
Cited in Gary Gappert, 'The emerging political economy of the Indian Ocean', Current Bibliography on African Affairs (Vol. 4, No. 6 November 1971).
49.
Karl Deutsch explains it thus:
50.
The outcome which is already moderately improbable ... can be made highly improbable by the application of even a relatively limited amount of power. In such situations the change in the probability of this particular outcome will seem quite dramatic, and this limited amount of power will seem to us to have changed considerable uncertainty into near certainty and thus have produced spectacular results. The same degree of power produces far less impressive results when it is applied to promoting an outcome which is fairly probable in the first place.
51.
See Karl Deutsch, The Analysis of International Relations (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1968), p. 26.
52.
See Christopher Coker , 'The South African elections and neo-apartheid ', The World Today (June 1981), pp. 235-242.
53.
The Times (London), 19 August 1980.
54.
Heribert Adam and Hermann Giliomee , Ethnic Power Mobilised ( New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979).
55.
See Buthelezi, ' Development for Liberation', Address to Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Bonn, West Germany, March 1982.
56.
Chester Crocker , US policy towards South Africa, op. cit., p. 705.
