Albania never formally resigned or was expelled from CMEA. She is treated as a member in Czechoslovak and Polish, but as a non-member in Soviet, trade statistics. North Korea is an "observer," together with Angola, Laos and Ethiopia. Yugoslavia is a "participant" according to a 1965 agreement with CMEA. The analytical significance of observer status remains obscure and requires further study. There have latterly been substantial reasons for considering the inclusion of Rumania in this Group.
2.
The paper was written on the basis of work done prior to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, however, this event does not undermine our conclusions in any way. Afghanistan was, and still is, an unstable member of Group 3.
3.
On this very vague concept see C. Legum, 'The African Environment ,' Problems of Communism, (January-February, 1978).
4.
We can speak thus confidently on the assurance of Hans Braker Die Aufnahme Vietnams in den R.G.W. (Bundesinstitut fur Ostwissenschaftliche und Internationale Studien, Cologne, 7, 1979). "National (natsional 'naya) democracy" was, of course, always junior to "People's (narodnaya) democracy" which applied to the East European satellites and Mongolia, all of which have now "founded socialism."
Ian Jeffreys, "The Stalinist Economic System as a Model For Underdeveloped Countries ," Ph.D. thesis (unpublished), L.S.E. 1974. See also Stephen Clarkson, The Soviet Theory of Development: India, in the Third World (University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1978).
7.
Reprinted in English in N. Bukharin and E. Preabrazhenosky, The ABC of Communism (Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, 1969), pp. 446-447.
8.
Ibid., p. 326.
9.
N.S. Krushchev , "Vital Questions of the Development of the Socialist World System," World Marxist Review, (September 1962), pp. 2-8.
10.
P. Alampiev, O. Bogomolov and Y. Shiryaev, A New Approach to Economic Integration (Progress Publishers , Moscow, 1973), p. 84.
11.
This was argued by Ts. A. Stepanyan in Voprosi Filosofii, 1958, No. 10. pp. 34-35, cited by J.M. Montias, Economic Development in Communist Romania (M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1967), pp. 197-198. Montias indicates that Krushchev appears to have dropped the distinction between the European and Asian states in 1959. He is clearly reasserting the distinction in 1962.
12.
N.S. Krushchev, op. cit., pp. 8-9.
13.
P. Alampiev et al., op. cit., p. 82.
14.
Ibid., p. 83.
15.
Ibid., pp. 84-85.
16.
This term (sodruzhestvo) is more appropriate nowadays than its predecessor "Soviet Camp."
17.
Michael Kaser, Comecon (O.U.P., London, 1967), second edition.
18.
Deepak Nayyar (ed.), Economic Relations Between Socialist Countries and the Third World ( Allenheld, London, 1977); see also UN Statistical Yearbook, 1973.
19.
Although we give here, partly for reasons of space, imports without exports it should be remembered that details about exports, including as they do arms deliveries and the rent of military bases, are largely unknown.
20.
The economy has suffered massively since 1974 from (a) the exodus of almost the entire community of 250,000 skilled whites, (b) floods in 1976 and 1977, (c) hostilities with Rhodesia and consequent damage from air raids, loss of migrants' remittances and influx of refugees, and finally (d) discontinuation of the "gold deal" by South Africa, i.e., the payment of Mozambian mine workers in gold at the "official" low price through the Mozambique Government which could then resell the gold on the free market. A payments deficit of $25m in 1975 increased to around $225m by 1978, and the Government has been appealing for (and receiving) substantial amounts of aid from the East and West. But the economy now appears to be set on a firm (albeit slow) course of recovery.
21.
The Guardian, March 20, 1980.
22.
Especially with the management of the state fishing industry.
23.
African Research Bulletin, (September-October, 1979).
