Oil Exporting Countries And Oil-Importing Countries: What Kind of Interdependence?

See, for example, James R. Schlesinger , when U.S. Secretary of Energy, in " The Geopolitics of Energy," The Washington Quarterly, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Georgetown University , Washington D.C., Summer 1979, pp. 3-7.

Useful energy is defined to comprise any agent that can be tamed to produce mechanical work, light or variations in temperature, pressure, sound, etc.

Øystein Noreng , "Friends or Fellow Travellers? The Relationship of Non-OPEC Exporters with OPEC," Journal of Energy and Development , Boulder-Colorado, Spring 1979 , pp. 313-335.

See, for example, "Energy Minister Belkacem Nabi Outlines Algeria's Oil and Gas policy," Arab Oil & Gas, Paris, April 16, 1980.

See, "Sabic sanctions first petrochemicals plant," Middle East Economic Digest (hereafter M.E.E.D.), London, April 4, 1980, p. 33.

See, S.J. Stevens , Capital Absorptive Capacity in Developing Countries ( A. W. Sijthoff, Leiden, 1971), pp. 51-52.

See General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, International Trade 1978-79 , Geneva, 1979, p. 120.

See, Hisham Nazer , Minister of Planning - Saudi Arabia, address at the Arab-European Business Cooperation Symposium, Montreux 1978, ed. Zuhayr Mikdashi , published by Kommentator-Kluwer, Frankfurt-am-Main. pp. 25-31.

"Italian Company's Oil Supplies Halted," M.E.E.D. , London, December 7, 1979, p. 53.

See "Saudi Arabia Determined to Modernize Despite Monetary, Social Prize," and "Friction over Saudi Business 'Corruption' Seen as Threat to Monarchy: Fahd's Son Said to be Center of Controversy" in International Herald Tribune, Paris, March 8-9, 1980, p. 1 and April 24, 1980, p. 6, respectively.

Ref. James E. Akins , "Can International Energy Supplies Support the United States' Energy Needs?" In M. B. Winchester (ed), The International Essays for Business Decision Makers , Vol. IV, 9.9.80 Center for International Business, Houston, Texas, 1979, p. 67.

Mana Saeed Al-Otaiba , at OPEC Seminar on OPEC and Future Energy Markets Vienna, October 1979, p. 3.

The loss on U.S. financial assets in the 1971-80 period approximated 50 per cent.

"La reunion de l'OPEC a Geneve," Le Monde, Paris, June 29, 1979, p. 3.

See, for example, Criticial Factors Affecting Saudi Arabia's Oil Decisions, Report to the Congress of the United States by the Comptroller General, Washington D.C., May 12, 1978, 68 p., in particular pp. 56-57.

James E. Akins , "U.S. Energy and Middle Eastern Oil and Politics," Natural Resource Policies in Economic Development and International Co-operation , Vol. 1, University of Wisconsin , Madison, 1978, p. 356.

See Middle East Economic Digest, London , October 26 and November 2, 1979, pp. 45 and 3 respectively.

See "Les prix due pétrole," Le Monde, Paris, January 2 1980, pp. 1 and 15.

OPEC Annual Report, 1978, Vienna , 1979, p. XV.

ystein Noreng , "The Western World and the Oil Exporters: An Historical Analogy," OPEC Review, Vienna , Autumn 1979, p. 47.

OPEC Bulletin, Vienna, July 2, 1979, p. 2.

See, for example, The San José (Costa Rica) Declaration of the Organizacion Latinoamericana de Energia (OLADE) of July 7, 1979, reproduced in OPEC Bulletin, Vienna, August 6, 1979, pp. 7-11.

See, Ibrahim Shehata , The OPEC Special Fund and the North-South Dialogue, The OPEC Special Fund, Vienna, April 1979, p. 4. See also United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Financial Solidarity for Development Efforts and Institutions of the Members of OPEC: 1973-1976, Review, Geneva, March, 22, 1979 - (TD/B/ C.7/31).

See Robert S. McNamara , "Development and the Arms Race," address, University of Chicago, May 22, 1979 , pp. 6-7.

See Euroforum , European Community, Brussels, October 19, 1979 , p. 6.

Jane Caroll , "KFAED Gives Carefully, but Generously," M.E.E.D. , London, February 1980 , pp. 21-22.

Ibid., p. 1.

Tayeh Abdul-Karim , "OPEC: Challenges of the Present and Strategy for the Future," paper presented at the OPEC Seminar on OPEC and Future Energy Markets, Vienna, October 1979.

Edith Penrose , "OPEC's Importance in the World Oil Industry ," International Affairs, Royal Institute of Internal Affairs , London, January 1979, p. 18.

David Howell , Secretary of State for Energy, United Kingdom , "Towards a New Interdependence" at OPEC Seminar on "OPEC and Future Energy Markets," Vienna, October 1979. p. 1.

Citibank , "The recession OPEC didn't start," Monthly Economic Letter, New York, July 1979, p. 1.

"General Agreement on Tariff and Trade," International Trade 1978/79, Geneva, 1979.

See, for example, International Energy Agency , Energy Policies and Programmes of IEA Countries, 1978 Review, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development , Paris 1978, 296 pp.

See Noreng, op. cit., p. 316.

See, for example, Roger W. Sant , The Least-Cost Energy Strategy, Minimizing Consumer Cost Through Competition, Carnegie-Mellon University , 1979, 48 pp.

See, for example, "Le Canada n'a pas encore levé l'embargo sur ses exportations d'uranium", Tribune de Genève, 23 August 1979, p. 5.

See Petroleum Economist, London, March 1980, pp. 99 and 101.

"U.S. Pays less for OPEC Crude than that of 'Friendly Countries' ," reproducing Arab News article of July 28, 1979, in Opec Bulletin, Vienna, August 13, 1979 , pp. 7.

See, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, International Letter, November 24, 1979, pp. 1-3.

Ibid.

Middle East Economic Survey, Nicosia, December 24, 1979, p. 5.

Ibid., December 10, 1979, pp. 2-3.

"Saudi Finance Minister, Sheikh Mohammed Ab-Alkhail on the fund", An-Nahar Arab Report and Memo, Paris, 28 January 1980, p. 8.

"Syndicated Bank Loans," International Herald Tribune, Paris, December 3, 1979, p. 9.

"Political Deadlock with U.S. Continues as Economic War Spreads to London," Middle East Economic Survey, Nicosia , December 10, 1979, p. 8.

"Why did Chase move so fast?" Euromoney, London, January 1980, p. 11.

See "Le Caire a 'gele' deux milliards de pétro-dollars arabes ," Le Monde, Paris, January 24, 1980, p. 5; and "Interest will be paid on Arab Funds," M.E.E.D. , London, February 8, 1980, p. 23.

John Edwards , "Carter's wheat embargo backfires," Financial Times, London, March 11, 1980. p. 16.

Arab Oil and Gas, Paris, November 1, 1979, pp. 19-20.

See Robert Bailey "Superpower war games muddy Guif waters," M.E.E.D. , London, March 28, 1980, p. 8.

"The conflict over countering the cartel," Business Week, New York, July 30, 1979 , pp. 56-57.

"Military Intervention! What for?," "U.S. Defense Secretary Repeats Threats of Military Intervention in Oil-Exporting Countries," and "To Face Threats of Military Intervention, Arabs May Use Oil Weapon," in Arab Oil and Gas, Paris, July 16, 1979, pp. 3-4, 20 and 21.

Petroleum Economist, in "The perspectives for the 1980s," London, August-September, 1979, p. 289.

Mana Saeed Al-Otaiba , address at OPEC Seminar, "OPEC and Future Energy Markets," Vienna, October 1979, op, cit, p. 4.

Akins , " U.S. Energy and Middle Eastern Oil and Politics," op. cit, p. 349.

A.L. Danielsen , "Oil Price Regulation in the United States ," Journal of World Trade Law, Geneva , September-October 1979, p. 392.

International Herald Tribune, Paris, September 27, 1979, p. 1.

The U.S. Undersecretary for Monetary Affairs, Anthony Solomon , quoted in M.E.E.D., London, November 9, 1979, p. 23.

Le Monde, January 10, 1980, p. 33; and 24 heures, Lausanne, January 11, 1980, p. 1.

"Government Land-use Programs," The Petroleum Situation, The Chase Manhattan Bank, New York, December 1979, p. 2.

"No Bleep on Moral Radar," International Herald Tribune, Paris, February 4, 1980, p. 4.

"Ineptitude in Washington compounds the problems," Business Week, New York, 30 July, 1979 , pp. 57-68.

Ref. André Giraud , "De la Confrontation a la Cooperation pour Résoudre les Problemes de l'Energie," Symposium de Davos, European Management Forum, Switzerland, February 7, 1980.

In addition to Arab OPEC states, OAPEC comprises two other minor Arab exporters: Bahrein and Syria; Egypt's membership had been suspended in 1979.

OAPEC Bulletin, Kuwait, November 1979, p. I (in Arabic).

The Guardian, London, January 3, 1980, p.l.