An earlier version of this paper was given to seminars in Spring 1978 at SUNY-Binghampton, Queen's University, Kingston, the Universities of Toronto and Yale, and MIT. I am very grateful for all involved with these, and particularly in Colin Leys and Immanuel Wallerstein.
2.
As I shall be referring very frequently to these two papers, including substantial paraphrase, I shall not in every case offer an exact reference. " B " and " L " denote Bernstein and Leys respectively. (Bernstein's paper was in any case only available in mimeographed form at the time of writing, so all references are to this version.) Despite our evident differences, I am grateful to Henry Bernstein for allowing me to see his paper prior to publication.
3.
Ley's abbreviation will be used throughout (albeit with the qualifications mentioned in the text).
4.
A point made vigorously in the discussion at Yale, especially by Carlos Johnson, whose forthcoming major critique of four dependency authors-Gunder Frank, Cardoso, Los Santos and Marini-will evidently be a massive contribution to the " two camps " position criticised in the present paper.
5.
I still believe, however, that the distinction between dogma and Marxism is important, but recent trends suggest a further variant. How about " neo-palaeo-Marxist" for the Althusserians, meaning the dogmatic assertion of Marxism as " science," and of its radical separation from all else (including large chunks of Marx and Marxism !) which is " ideology "?
6.
Like Bernstein (p. 28, n. 12), I am working on a general study of Amin's work.
7.
My own small contribution to the burgeoning science of pseudo-precision by abbreviation: cf. UDT, CMP, FMP, PCMP; as well as LDC, etc.
8.
For a survey of part of this debate, particularly on the concept of " articulation " of modes of production, cf. Foster-Carter, 1978.
9.
Hindess and Hirst, 1975, 1977; Cutler, et al. 1977, 1978.
10.
Sutcliffe, 1972, p. 313; cited in Arrighi, 1978, p. 10.
11.
The North Korean experience is briefly summarised in my paper "North Korea. Development and Self-Reliance: A Critical Appraisal," chap. 5 in Gittings and McCormack (eds.). (1977). A paper I am currently working on, provisionally entitled " The Amin-Thomas model and North Korean Development," attempts to draw out the theoretical links and implications.
12.
For a general discussion and critique of Althusser, see for example, Geras (1977).
13.
Turner makes this point: " In the absence of a clear account of the relationship between the theoretical and the concrete, the typical practice is simply to cite Lenin's The Development of Capitalism in Russia as an instance of adequate theoretical analysis in relation to a concrete conjuncture " (1978, p. 35) .
14.
Alavi, Hamza, 1975, " India and the Colonial Mode of Production," Socialist Register.
15.
Amin, Samir, 1974a, Accumulation on a World Scale, London : Monthly Review (2 Vols.).
16.
Amin, Samir, 1974b, "Accumulation and Development: a Theoretical Model," Review of African Political Economy No. 1.
Amin, Samir, 1978, Imperialism and Unequal Development, Hassocks: Harvester.
19.
Anderson, Perry, 1974a, Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism, London: New Left Books.
20.
Anderson, Perry, 1974b, Lineages of the Absolutist State, London: New Left Books.
21.
Anderson, Perry, 1976, Considerations on Western Marxism, London: New Left Books.
22.
Arrighi, Giovanni, 1971, "The Relationship between the Colonial and the Class Structures: A Critique of A. G. Frank's Theory of the Development of Underdevelopment " Dakar, IDEP, mimeo.
23.
Arrighi, Giovanni, 1978, The Geometry of Imperialism, London : New Left Books.
24.
Banaji, Jairus, 1977, " Modes of Production in a Materialist Conception of History ," Capital and Class, Vol. 3 (Autumn).
25.
Baran, Paul, 1957, The Political Economy of Growth, New York: Monthly Review (London: Penguin , 1973).
26.
Bauer, Peter, 1972, Dissent on Development, London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson.
27.
Bell, Peter, 1978, "Cycles of Class Struggle in Thailand," Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 8, No. 1.
28.
Bernstein, Henry, 1978, "Sociology of Underdevelopment versus Sociology of Development? " Dar es Salaam: mimeo. Also In Bernstein, H.O'Brien, D.C. and Nafziger, W., Development Theory: Three Critical Essays (London: Frank Cass, 1978).
29.
Bettelheim, Charles, 1972, Appendices in Emmanuel, A.
30.
Brenner, Robert, 1977, "The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Marxism," New Left Review, No. 104 (July-August).
31.
Cleaver, Harry, 1976, " Internationalisation of Capital and Mode of Production in Agriculture," Economic and Political Weekly (March 27).
32.
Cook, Scott, 1977, "Beyond the Formen: Towards a Revised Marxist Theory of Precapitalist Formations and the Transition to Capitalism," Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. IV, No. 4 (July).
33.
Cutler, A., Hindess, B., Hirst, P., Hussain, A., 1977, 1978, Marx's Capital and Capitalism Today, London: Routledge (2 Vols.).
34.
Debray, Regis, 1967, Revolution in the Revolution?New York : Monthly Review.
35.
De Kadt, E. and Williams, G. (eds.), 1974, Sociology and Development , London: Tavistock.
36.
Ehrensaft, Philip, 1971, "Semi-industrial Capitalism in the Third World: Implications for Social Research in Africa" Africa Today (January, 1971).
37.
Emmanuel, A., 1972, Unequal Exchange, London: New Left Books.
38.
Foster-Carter, Aidan, 1974, " Neo-Marxist Approaches to Development and Underdevelopment ," in E. de Kadt and G. Williams (eds.), 1974.
39.
Foster-Carter, Aidan, 1976, "From Rostow to Gunder Frank: Conflicting Paradigms in the Analysis of Underdevelopment," World Development, Vol. 4, No. 3 (March).
40.
Foster-Carter, Aidan, 1978, "The Modes of Production Controversy," New Left Review, No. 107 (January-February).
41.
Frank, André Gunder, 1969, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America, New York: Monthly Review.
42.
Geras, Norman, 1977, "Althusser's Marxism: An Assessment," in New Left Review (ed.), Western Marxism: A Critical Leader.
43.
Halliday, Jon, 1977, " Observations on the Presentation and Perception in the West of the Korean Peoples' Struggles," in Gittings, J. and McCormack, G. (eds.), Crisis in Korea, Nottingham: Spokesman.
44.
Hindess, Barry and Hirst, Paul, 1975, Pre-Capitalist Modes of Production, London: Routledge.
45.
Hindess, Barry and Hirst, Paul, 1977, Mode of Production and Social Formation: an Auto-Critique of Precapitalist Modes of Production, London: Macmillan.
46.
Jenkins, Robin, 1971, Exploitation: The World Power Structure and the Inequality of Nations, London: MacGibbon and Kee.
47.
Kay, Geoffrey, 1975, Development and Underdevelopment: A Marxist Analysis, London: Macmillan.
48.
Laclau, Ernesto, 1971, "Feudalism and Capitalism in Latin America," New Left Review, No. 67.
49.
Leys, Colin, 1975, Underdevelopment in Kenya: The Political Economy of Neo-Colonialism , London: Heinemann.
50.
Leys, Colin, 1977, "Underdevelopment and Dependency: Critical Notes," Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 92-107.
51.
McEachern, Doug, 1976, "The Mode of Production in India," Journal of Contemporary Asia.
52.
Mandle, J.W., 1972, "The Plantation Economy: an Essay in Definition," Science and Society, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Spring).
53.
Nabulere, Dan W., 1977, The Political Economy of Imperialism, London: Zed Press.
54.
O'Brien, Philip, 1975, "A Critique of Latin American Theories of Dependency," in Oxaal et al. (eds.), 1975.
55.
Owen, E. R. and Sutcliffe, R. B. (eds.), 1972, Studies in the Theory of Imperialism, London: Longmans.
56.
Oxaal, I, Barnett, A. , Booth, D. (eds.), 1975, Beyond the Sociology of Development, London: Routledge.
57.
Phillips, Anne, 1977, "The Concept of Development," Review of African Political Economy, No. 8, 1977.
58.
Shanin, Teodor, 1977, The Awkward Class, London: Oxford University Press.
59.
Taylor, John, 1974, "Neo-Marxism and Underdevelopment: a Sociological Phantasy " [sic], Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 4, No. 1.
60.
Turner, Bryan, 1978, Marx and the End of Orientalism, London : Allen and Unwin.
61.
Wallerstein, Immanuel.1974, The Modern World System, Vol. 1, London: Academic Press.
