Ideology and Economic Development

The phrasing of this sentence draws on L. Althusser's writings-see For Marx (N.L.B., 1969), pp. 197-202.

F. Engels , letter to J. Bloch , September 21, 1890, Marx-Engels Selected Correspondence (Martin Lawrence, 1934), p. 475.

Marx and Engels, Communist Manifesto, 1848, Sect. 1.

Marx , Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859).

This is the weakness of Poulantsas's theory of the state which Laclau criticises in his essay on " The Specificity of the Political " in Laclau , op. cit p. 79.

L. Dumont , op. cit pp. 10-11.

Ibid. pp. 2-4.

Ibid. pp. 103 and 179.

Ibid. p. 166.

Ibid. p. 136.

For a development of this view, see G. Hodgson , Trotsky and Fatalistic Marxism (Spokesman, 1975).

Dumont , op. cit, p. 108.

N. Poulantsas , Fascism and Dictatorship: The Third International and the Problem of Fascism (London: N.L.B., 1974).

As quoted by Laclau , op. cit pp. 130-131, from Trotsky's The Struggle against Fascism in Germany (London, 1975 edition), p. 62.

Laclau , op. cit pp. 139-142.

Especially Fred Hirsch, op. cit.

J.P. Wogaman , Christians and the Great Economic Debate (S.C.M. Press, 1977 ).

H.A. Turner , Is Britain Really Strike Prone? (Cambridge, 1969).

A. Callinicos , Althusser's Marxism (Pluto, 1976), pp. 65-66.

Marx , Capital, Vol. 1, Chap. 1, Sect. 4.

U. Melotti , op. cit pp. 141 et seq.

An English translation was printed in P. W. Blackstock and B. F. Hoselitz (eds.), The Russian Menace to Europe (Glencoe, 1952), and is quoted in U. Melotti , op. cit pp. 130-131.

U. Melotti , op. cit pp. 25-27.

Perry Anderson , Lineages of the Absolutist State (N.L.B., 1974 ).

Emmanuel Wallerstein , The Modern World System (New York, 1974).

The New York Daily Tribune articles of 1853 are quoted by Melotti , op. cit pp. 82 et seq., and may be found in Blackstock and Hoselitz. loc. cit., and in the collection of Marx and Engels writings On Colonialism (Lawrence & Wishart, 1950).

Marx , Capital, Vol. II, Pt. IV, Sect. 7.

U. Melotti , op. cit pp. 146 et seq.

I. Habib , " Colonialisation of the Indian Economy," Social Scientist , No. 32, Bombay, 1976.

A.G. Frank , Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York : M.R. Press, 1967) and Latin America: Underdevelopment or Revolution (New York: M.R. Press, 1969).

See particularly F.H. Cardoso and E. Faletto , Dependency and Development in Latin America (New York, 1976).

E. Laclau , op. cit pp. 34-35.

See Hamza Alavi , " India and the Colonial Mode of Production ," Socialist Register 1975, pp. 160 et seq.

I have argued this at length in my Economics of Imperialism (Penguin, 1974).

E. Laclau , op. cit

Ibid. p. 173.

R. Debray , A Critique of Arms (Penguin, 1977).

U. Melotti , op. cit p. 154.

Ibid. pp. 147-148, summarising Carlo, loc. cit.

M. Lipton , op. cit

Ibid. p. 17 and pp. 19-21.

Ibid. p. 37 and pp. 226-227.

Ibid. p. 77.

Ibid. p. 249 and p. 308.

In an essay recently reprinted, with an introduction by Joan Robinson, in Essays on Developing Economies (Harvester Press, 1976); and in the plans Kalecki prepared for the Israeli Government in 1951, for the Indian Government in 1960 and the Cuban Government in 1961. These remain classic examples of radical development planning, but the concept he presented in the 1960s of an " intermediate regime " of the lower middle class and middle peasantry has been overwhelmed by subsequent events. I committed the same error in my After Imperialism ( London: Heinemann, 1963), and tried to atone for it in the Preface to the second edition ( Merlin, 1970).

Such references occur on pp. 80, 160, 190, 199, 230, 296, 303-305, 322, 325.

Ibid. p. 33 and p. 221.

Ibid. pp. 337 et seq.

Ibid. p. 344.

See B. MacFarlane and W. Wheelwright , The Chinese Road to Socialism (Penguin, 1970).

See G. Chaliand , The Peasants of Viet Nam ( Penguin).

See for example J. Petras , Politics and Social Structure in Latin America, Monthly Review Books.

See B. Davidson , The Liberation of Guine (Penguin) and In the Eye of the Storm ( Penguin).

F. Stewart , op. cit

Ibid. pp. 298-299.

Private communication from Professor S. W. Ford of Sydney University, Australia.

T. Shanin , " Workers and Peasants in Revolution," Spokesman , No. 10, 1971.

See for example M. Caldwell , " China and the Environment " in M. Barratt Brown , T. Emerson and C. Stoneman (eds.), Resources and the Environment (Spokesman Books, 1976).