The CIA: Reform is not Enough

A useful systematic survey of the CIA by ex-employees, not wholly ruined by its 140 blank spaces ordered by the CIA, is Victor Marchetti and John D. Marks , The CIA and the Cult of Intelligence (London: Jonathan Cape, 1974). Other books by insiders have included Patrick J. McGarvey , CIA: The Myth and the Madness (New York: Saturday Review Press, 1972); one by a former Deputy Director of Intelligence at the CIA, Ray Cline, entitled Secrets, Spies and Scholars (New York: Acropolis , 1976); and of course Philip Agee's well-known and detailed Inside the Company: CIA Diary (Harmondsworth : Penguin, 1975). 2. The

two principal editions, which between them contain most of the material, are the 4-volume edition prepared under the name of Senator Gravel, and the 12-volume edition, consisting of photocopies, published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.

An English edition was published in the same year under the title Subversion in Chile: A Case Study in U.S. Corporate Intrigue in the Third World (Nottingham: Spokesman Books, 1972).

Report to the President by The Commission on CIA Activities Within the United States (Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, June 1975). Many of the volumes mentioned in the next footnote also deal with activities of the CIA within the U.S.A.: see especially Books II and III of the Final Report. On the CIA rôle in Watergate, see also David Wise , The American Police State ( New York: Random House, 1976), pp. 226-257.

This Senate committee, the Church Committee, led to the publication by the Government Printing Office of, in 1975, an interim report entitled Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders ; and, in 1976, seven volumes of hearings plus three of the committee's final report. It all adds up to over 4,000 pages. The picture that emerges is large and reasonably detailed, even though incomplete.

This House committee, the Pike Committee , had its report leaked in the Village Voice, New York, February 16 and 23, 1976. This material, with additions, was reprinted in Britain as CIA: The Pike Report (Nottingham : Spokesman Books, 1977).

Quoted in Church Committee, Final Report, Book I, p. 550.

See Final Report, p. 423 et seq. The Pike committee likewise omitted to consider the arguments pro and con continuance of the CIA. See its recommendations in the Spokesman Books edition, p. 257 et seq.

Gregory F. Treverton , " Reforming the CIA," Millennium , Vol. 5, No. 3, Winter 1976-77.

See Church Committee, Hearings, Vol. 7, p. 13 et seq.

Treverton, op. cit.

Church Committee, Final Report, Book I, p. 423.

Final Report, Book I, p. 567.

See the Village Voice. February 23, 1976. The Church Committee also encountered obstacles to its research. See its Final Report, Book I, pp. 7-8.

Church Committee, Final Report, Book I, p. 433.

All these failures are described at considerable length in Village Voice, February 16, 1976, pp. 76-81.

Village Voice, February 16, 1976, p. 80, middle column.

Church Committee, Final Report, Book I, p. 445.

Village Voice, February 16, 1976, pp. 84-85.

Church Committee , Interim Report on alleged assassination plots, pp. 71-180.

Church Committee , Hearings, Vol. 1, passim. The retention of these biological weapons was in violation of international agreements, including the 1972 biological weapons treaty, as well as of presidential orders.

William G. Miller , the Church Committee's Staff Director, giving evidence on December 4, 1975. See Hearings, Vol. 7, p. 5.

Church Committee , Final Report, Book I, p. 425.

He also made a prepared statement to the Church Committee on this issue, in which he said: " I believe that the United States should no longer maintain a career service for the purpose of conducting covert operations and covert intelligence collection by human means. I believe also that the United States should eschew as a matter of national policy the conduct of covert operations. The prohibition should be embodied in a law ..." (Hearings, Vol. 7, p. 58.) There was a long discussion of his proposal, reprinted on pp. 60-93.

On Angola, see Village Voice, February 16, 1976, p. 85.

The Pentagon papers show that on April 29, 1961, and then again on May 11, President Kennedy secretly ordered increases in the U.S. military mission in South Vietnam-the first formal breaches of the 685-man limit of the U.S. military mission imposed by the Geneva agreements of 1954.

Church Committee , Final Report, Book I, p. 453.

The New York publisher Frederick A. Praeger appears to have been the principal publisher of books secretly funded by the CIA.

Church Committee Final Report, Book I, p. 455.