At the time of the 1976 Games, there had never been a woman member of the IOC.
2.
The IOC finally agreed to two German teams in 1965, though victorious German athletes were to hear a Beethoven hymn rather than an anthem. The East German team was refused permission to be called the " German Democratic Republic," whilst the West German team was to be known as " Germany." East Germany now has its name as the G.D.R., but the West is still known as Germany." They both have their own anthems.
3.
A similar position is taken by the IOC in calling South Korea simply "Korea." In 1968, North Korea boycotted the Games because the IOC would not allow the name Democratic People's Republic of Korea." The IOC has since given way.
4.
The Sunday Times, July 18, 1976.
5.
On a lighter political note, the 26-mile Marathon was extended bv 385 yards so that the finish could be opposite the Royal Box. This eventually became the accepted distance for the race. See T. McNab, Olympic Games 1976 (Knight, 1975).
6.
The team eventually paraded under the name Taiwan, but their athletes carried a banner saying " under protest " in the opening parade.
7.
The Times, December 1, 1976.
8.
Plans for the Olympics had already been formalised before Hitler came to power. However, he decided in 1933 that a new stadium for the Games had to be built. The original budget was increased 14 fold. It was at these Games that the Olympic flame, carried from Olympia, was introduced. Krupps provided the 3,840 torches.
9.
The Times, March 26, 1976. A climate of public expenditure cuts limited any chance of success that Glasgow may have had.
10.
There would, nevertheless, be costs, but reallocation of funds would be an easier task than in the West. Sports facilities are so good in many East European cities that little extra work would be required to bring them up to the minimum standard for the Games.
11.
The West includes Western Europe and North America. The East refers to Eastern Europe and U.S.S.R., and to a lesser extent, Cuba.
12.
Athletics Weekly (U.K.), December 4, 1976.
13.
Tables from Sports Review (U.K.), September 1976.
14.
The order then reads: Japan, Poland, Bulgaria, Cuba, Rumania, Hungary, Finland, Sweden, Britain, etc.
15.
Evening Standard (London), September 10, 1976.
16.
At Montreal, East German women won nine gold medals out of a possible total of 14 in athletics. They won 11 golds out of a possible total of 13 for swimming (excluding diving). Even accounting for some measure of a " German phenomenon " (of which there is no evidence), these figures are still impressive.
17.
An Arab League boycott was threatened in 1964. This followed an IOC ban on Indonesia for not allowing Israel and Formosa into the Asian Games at Jakarta in 1962. Indonesia was allowed in the Tokyo Games, but the IOC banned certain athletes, so in the end, Indonesia withdrew.
18.
More problems could arise on this subject, because Israel has already been warned not to compete in the Asian Games in Bangkok in 1978 by the other Asian countries; Israel is going to challenge this.
19.
The 1976 African boycott has often been labelled "Afro-Asian" or "Afro-Arab " though only two non-African countries, Guyana and Iraq took part.
Dennis Brutus , "Year of the Olympics," in AfricanContemporary Record1968-69, pp. 59-63.
24.
Mexico had refused to send an invitation to South Africa.
25.
Africa Research Bulletin, 1972, p. 2579.
26.
Rhodesia Herald, August 24, 1972.
27.
Africa Research Bulletin, 1976, p. 4049.
28.
See above.
29.
Israeli commandos seized Jewish hostages, from an aeroplane hijack, held in Uganda. The raid took place on July 3.
30.
For example, Africa has been spilt for several years on whether to strike up a " dialogue " with South Africa, so shifting from its position of open hostility. Several states openly trade with South Africa, being financially semi-dependent on that country.
31.
The Guardian, July 19, 1976.
32.
Jamaica asked for the issue to be brought up at the Commonwealth Conference in London in 1977; The Sunday Times, September 19, 1976.
33.
The Times, November 6, 1976. Why these two countries stayed out of the boycott is difficult to say, but the fact that Nigeria, their West African rival, was one of the leaders of the boycott was probably an important consideration.
34.
Africa Research Bulletin, 1976, p. 4208.
35.
The Times, September 25, 1976.
36.
For example, a small British athletics team visited South Africa every April for the South African Games. This " loophole " was closed in 1976 as no athlete is now allowed to compete in South Africa, and no South African athlete is able to compete abroad. South African cricketers can still play in England as individuals.
37.
The Guardian, September 18, 1976.
38.
New Zealand Herald, November 27, 1976.
39.
In 1968, England dropped a coloured cricketer, Basil D'Oliveira (of South African origin), from the team to tour South Africa. Public outrage forced the selectors to choose him and the South African Government cancelled the tour, blaming liberal elements in England for putting politics into sport. The " Stop the 70 Tour " was perhaps the best organised British protest against apartheid yet.
40.
The Times, February 3, 1977. In February 1977 a group of black British international athletes drew up a petition calling on the British Amateur Athletic Board not to seek fixtures against countries (or invite individual athletes of those countries) with sporting links with South Africa. This seems likely to be totally ineffectual.
41.
The Cuban double gold medallist at Montreal, Alberto Juantorena, was given great prominence by the Cuban Government and allowed to divulge his political opinions, more so than any other athlete in recent years. Of course, Juantorena said all the " right " things.
42.
Britain firmly fits this category, as does France.
