These are, at present, the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R. On the basis of power potential, China, which has only medium-range ballistic missiles, is not a superpower ; and her leaders have sworn that their country will never become one.
2.
The presence of about 22 million black people in the United States has been important in Nigeria's relations with Washington. However, the weight given to this by the principal decision-makers in the country is difficult to establish precisely. See Mr. Prime Minister: A Selection of speeches by Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, 1964, p. 58.
3.
With the dismissal of Mr. Khrushchev in 1964, Soviet foreign policy lost its adventurism. See Robert Legvold, Soviet Policy in West Africa (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 223.
4.
In an informal partition of the world into spheres of influence, Africa south of the Sahara is given to the former colonial powers, except in special cases such as the Congo crisis (1960-65) where the United States would come in. The U.S.S.R. has her own spheres of influence too. For details, see J.D.B. Miller, "The Intrusion of Afro-Asia," International Affairs , November 1970, p. 53.
5.
Sunday Times (Lagos), November 22, 1966.
6.
F.S. Northedge, The Foreign Policies of the Powers (London: Faber & Faber, 1968), p. 10.
7.
West Africa, February 4, 1972.
8.
Helen D. Cohn, Soviet Policy Toward Black Africa (New York, 1972), p. 8. 9.
9.
Several articles on this were written in Nigerian newspapers by some Soviet writers between 1967 and 1970. See, for example, the one by Professor V. Solodovnikov , the Director of African Studies in the U.S.S.R ., in Daily Times, September 30, 1970.
10.
It has to be remembered that under an agreement reached earlier in 1974 with these firms Nigeria was to take only 51 per cent. of the equity shares in 1982. See West Africa, April 29, 1974.
11.
U.S. Department of State, Background Notes on Nigeria, May 1975.
12.
West Africa, August 4, 1975.
13.
Jean Herskovits, " Nigeria: Africa's New Power," Foreign Affairs, January 1975, p. 316.
14.
Information through the Central Bank of Nigeria, March 1975 ,
15.
Information from the Central Bank of Nigeria, March 1975.
16.
For further details, see Olajide Aluko, "Public Opinion and Nigerian Foreign Policy Under the Military," Quarterly Journal of Administration, University of Ife, April 1973.
17.
U.S. OverseasLoans and Grants: July 1, 1954-June 30, 1966 ( Washington, Department of State, 1966), p. 100.
18.
The Military Balance: 1974-75 (London: IISS, 1974), p. 43.
19.
For further details, see Catherine Hoskyns, " Africa's Foreign Relations," International Affairs, July 1968 , p. 452.
20.
Such measures included the cultural agreement signed with the Soviet Union in 1965, and permission to form the Nigerian-Soviet Friendship Society early that year.
21.
Even in 1965, some M.P.s complained about the continuing ban on some types of Communist publications. See Africa Research Bulletin, October 1965, p. 391.
22.
Morning Post, November 10, 1967.
23.
Daily Sketch, November 8, 1967.
24.
Morning Post, April 24, 1970.
25.
Morning Post, October 22, 1967; and Sunday Post, December 29, 1968.
26.
West Africa, March 31, 1972.
27.
Daily Times, March 6, 1974.
28.
Daily Times, April 17, 1974.
29.
See, for example, New Nigerian, January 29, 1974; and the issue of May 31, 1974.
30.
Federal Military Government Press Release, No. 720, July 26, 1971.
31.
Africa Research Bulletin, April 1966, p. 520.
32.
Mr. Prime Minister, op. cit.
33.
Speech by His Excellency Mayor-General Yakubu Gowon to the Third Scssion of the African-American Dialogue in Lagos on March 8, 1971.
34.
General Muhammed was killed in an abortive coup on February 13, 1976, and General Obasanjo has succeeded him as Head of State.
35.
Before the war broke out in July 1967, the United States had come under suspicion and attack by the Lagos government, especially in November 1966 when Washington was criticised for assisting rebellion in Enugu. On the other hand, several economic, cultural and air-link agreements had by then been signed with Moscow. See, for details, New Nigerian , November 29, 1966; The West African Pilot , March 13, 1967; and the Morning Post, March 29, 1967.
36.
For details about the impact of the civil war on Nigerian foreign policy, see Olajide Aluko, " The Civil War and Nigerian Foreign Policy ," The Political Quarterly, April 1971.
37.
Federal Military Government Press Release, No. 2212, December 30, 1968.
38.
Daily Times, October 9, 1970.
39.
Harold Wilson , The Labour Government, 1964-70 ( London, 1975), p. 558.
40.
West Africa, September 29, 1975.
41.
Criticism was made of this in Lagos that the United States, more than any other power, had used the UN as an instrument of her foreign policy. A similar view was expressed in an article by David Holden in The Sunday Times (London), July 20, 1975.
42.
For further details, see Roger E. Kanet, "The Soviet Union and the Developing Countries: Policy or Policies," The World Today, August 1975, p. 343.
43.
Soviet News, Soviet Embassy, Lagos, May 10, 1974.
44.
As earlier pointed out, some sections of the Nigerian press were not satisfied with Soviet aid to the liberation movements.
45.
Third National Development1975-80, p. 60.
46.
Douglas Anglin doubted this: see his article, "Nigeria and Political Non-alignment," The Journal of Modern African Studies, July 1964, pp. 252-253.
47.
Daily Times, February 4, 1966.
48.
Daily Sketch, March 9, 1967.
49.
Within four months of Resnick's warning Nigeria went to war to crush the secessionist rebellion.
