This line of argument has been developed elsewhere by the present author. See especially the following publications: Quiet Enjoyment: Arms Control and Police Forces for the Ocean, Elizabeth Young and Lord Ritchie-Calder (eds.), Pacem in Maribus Convocation, 1970 (The Royal University of Malta Press, Valetta, 1971) ; "To Guard the Sea," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 50 (1971-72), p. 136; The Law of the Sea, with Brian Johnson, Fabian Society Research Series, No. 313 ( London, 1973); "New Laws for Old Navies: Military Implications of the Law of the Sea," Survival, Vol. XVI, No. 6 (1974), p. 262; " Offshore Tapestry ," Navy International, June 1975; " The Security of North Sea Oil," Navy International, September 1975; Sea-use Planning, Elizabeth Young and Peter H. Fricke (eds.), Fabian Society Tracts, No. 437 (London, 1975); "Covenants without the Sword," Armed Forces and Society, article forthcoming.
2.
There are also various so-called " joint enterprise " agreements, made particularly by the Soviet Union and Japan with certain less developed countries, which seem to smack rather of neo-colonialism than of the coastal state's sovereign rights over offshore resources.
3.
Resources falling within this second category may in practice be of two kinds: (a) actual resources, already being, or known to be capable of being, exploited; and (b) potential resources, e.g. in areas of continental shelf (Rockall, Paracels, Spratleys etc.) where the presence of hydrocarbons is suspected but not confirmed. With regard to the latter, whether or not a right exists to conduct or to regulate scientific research is especially important.
4.
See the Geneva Convention on the Continental Shelf, 1958, Article 1.
