International Studies in a Transnational World

For a useful and thorough survey of the literature that contrasts a number of approaches to the implications of mounting interdependence, see Ann Alkcr and Hayward R. Alker , Jr. , "Four Interdependence Controversies: Contending Scholarly Perspectives," in Hayward R. Alker, Jr. , Lincoln P. Bloomfield and Nazli Choucri , Analyzing Global Interdependence (Cambridge, Mass.: Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1974), Vol. I, pp. 43-68.

A particularly clear and cogent exposition of how and why the nation-state system will continue to be viable in the face of mounting interdependence is developed by Lincoln P. Bloomfield (from whom the quote is taken, on pp. 70-71), "Some Policy Implications," in ibid., Vol. I, pp. 64-94. See also John H. Herz , " The Territorial State Revisited: Reflections on the Future of the Nation-State," Polity, Vol. I, No. 1, 1968, pp. 12-34.

For a presentation of this framework, see John W. Burton , World Society (London: Cambridge University Press, 1972), and John W. Burton et al., The Study of World Society: A London Perspective (Pittsburgh: International Studies Association, 1974).

Richard A. Falk , A Study of Future Worlds (New York: Free Press, 1975), p. 59. Italics in original.

These analysts, from a variety of countries, are associated in the World Order Models Project. See, for example, ibid. ; Saul H. Mendlovitz (ed.), On the Creatiors of a Just World Order: Preferred Worlds for the 1990's (New York: Free Press, 1975); and Rajni Kothari , Footsteps Into the Future: Diagnosis of the Present World and a Design for an Alternative (New York: Free Press, 1974).

Alger, for example, traces the flow of interaction across national boundaries through " successive stages of analytic differentiation," starting with an " undifferentiated nation-state view " in which governments interact as " billiard balls " that are identical in structure, and proceeding through more than fifteen stages of differentiation in which the processes of interaction among individuals, organisations, sectors, cities, non-governmental international organisations and international governmental organisations are delineated, either as they occur directly or as they unfold indirectly, via the mechanism of nation-state foreign policies. See Chadwick F. Alger , Liberating Publics to Perceive, Evaluate and Control the International Dimension, of Their Daily Lives (Columbus, Ohio: Mershon Center, The Ohio State University, mimeo., 1975).

For an elaboration of this framework, see J.R. Handelman , J.A. Vasquez , M.K. O'Leary and W.D. Coplin , " Color it Morgenthau: A Data-Based Assessment of Quantitative International Relations Research," a paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association (Syracuse: Syracuse University, mimeo., 1973). For a similar formulation, in which nation-states are seen as unwilling or incapable of paying the costs of independence, and thus as ready to pursue policies which allow for multinational regulation, see Karl Kaiser , "Transnational Politics: Toward a Theory of Multinational Politics," International Organization, Vol. XXV, Autumn 1971, pp. 790-817.

Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye , Jr. , " Transgovernmental Relations and International Organizations," World Politics, Vol. XXVII, October 1974, pp. 39-62. The reasoning of these two authors, whose work has been central in focusing both theoretical and empirical attention on the emergence and rôle of transnational actors, is further elaborated in Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. (eds.), Transnational Relations and World Politics (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1972), and in Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. , " International Interdependence and Integration," in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby (eds.), Handbook of Political Science ( Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1975), Vol. 8, pp. 363-414.

For an important discussion in which it is shown how comparability can be achieved without excessive quantification through the analysis of "crucial" cases, see Harry Eckstein , "Case Study and Theory in Political Science ," in Fred I. Greenstein and Nelson W. Polsby, Handbook of Political Science (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley , 1975), Vol: 7, pp. 79-137. See also P.G. Herbst , Behavioral Worlds: The Study of Single Cases (London: Tavistock Publications, 1970).

For example, see Charles Tilly (ed.), The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975).

For a discussion of how any variable that is adequately understood can be rendered operational, see James N. Rosenau , The Dramas of Politics: An Introduction to the Joys of Inquiry (Boston : Little Brown, 1973), pp. 176-181.

For a useful discussion on what is involved in "making" data, see J. David Singer , " Data Making in International Relations," Behavioral Science, Vol. 10, January 1965, pp. 68-80.

Indeed, a recent effort along this line, replete with impressive data depicting the flow of capital, trade, immigration, foreign students, mail, telegrams and phone-calls across national boundaries over decades and (in the case of capital) centuries, did uncover a long-term trend in the direction of greater transactions and (allegedly) interdependence. See Peter J. Katzenstein , " International Interdependence: Some Long-Term Trends and Recent Changes," International Organization, Vol. 29, Autumn 1975, pp. 1021-34.

This useful phrase is Harry Eckstein's, as is the conception of authority as founded on directives passing from superordinates to subordinates. See Harry Eckstein , " Authority Patterns: A Structural Basis for Political Inquiry," American Political Science Review, Vol. 67, December 1973, pp. 1142-1161. My conception of authority and legitimacy, which underlies the analysis presented here and which parallels but differs in some respects from Eckstein's, is elaborated in my The Dramas of Politics, pp. 44-54.

Elsewhere, I. have argued that the dynamics whereby one actor initiates, limits, or otherwise modifies, the behaviour of another actor constitutes the heart of the process that distinguishes politics from other forms of activity. See James N. Rosenau , The Scientific Study of Foreign Policy (New York: Free Press, 1971), Chap. 7.

For a formulation that rests on this notion of asymmetry, see James N. Rosenau , " Adaptive Politics in an Interdependent World," Orbis , Vol. XVI, Spring, 1972, pp. 153-173.

For discussions of collisions between national governments and multinational corporations, see George W. Ball , "Citizenship and the Multinational Corporation ," Social Research, Vol. 41, Winter 1974; Samuel P. Huntington , " Transnational Organizations in World Politics," World Politics, Vol. XXV. April 1973, pp. 333-369; Joseph S. Nye, Jr. , " Multinational Corporations in World Politics," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 53, October 1974, pp. 153-175; Robert O. Keohane and Joseph S. Nye, Jr. , " Transnational Relations and World Politics: A Conclusion" in Keohane and Nye (eds.), Transnational Relations and World Politics, pp. 372-74; and Raymond Vernon (ed.), Big Business and the State: Changing Relations in Western Europe (Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1974 ).

For a more extended discussion of this point, see James N. Rosenau , " Puzzlement in Foreign Policy," The Jerusalem Journal of International Relations (forthcoming).

Ibid.