International Environmental Law— A New Approach

See, e.g., James Barros & Douglas Johnston , The International Law of Pollution (New York, 1974), pp. 200-293, which contains documents, recent conventions and unilateral measures taken to combat marine pollution.

For example: the 1974 Paris Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Land-Based Sources provides for the establishment of a commission in Article 15. The commission's functions include overall supervision of the implementation of the Convention. (For a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 884-885.) Similarly, the 1974 Nordic Convention on the Protection of the Environment provides for the setting up of a mixed commission to resolve specific controversies between states parties to the conventions (for a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 886-888); the 1974 convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area establishes a Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission (for a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 670-672), and the 1974 Denmark-Sweden Agreement concerning marine pollution establishes a commission whose functions include co-ordination, standard-setting and supervision of the implementation of the agreement (for a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 887-888). The 1972 Agreement between Canada and the United States of America on Great Lakes Water Quality strengthened the already existing International Joint Commission by entrusting it with added powers, responsibilities and functions and provided for the establishment of joint institutions. (Pursuant to Articles VI and VII, see (1972) 1 U.S.T. 301, T.I.A.S. No. 7212.)

See Report of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, UN Doc A/Conf. 48/14/Rev. 1 (E.73.II.A. 14, 1973) (hereafter cited as Stockholm Report).

They were established pursuant to the General Assembly Resolution 2997 (XXVII), G.A.Res. 2997, 27 UN GOAR Supp. 30, at pp. 43-45 (1972).

For a report on the decisions taken by the Governing Council, see 12 UN Monthly Chronicle, No. 6, June, 1975, pp. 27-28.

For recent reports on the programme see 10 Nature and Resources, No. 1, Jan-Mar. 1974, pp. 21-26; ibid No. 2, Apr.-June 1974 , pp. 18-22; ibid No. 3, July-Sept. 1974 , pp. 21-23; ibid No. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1974 , pp. 24-28.

For a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 672.

For a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 884.

For a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q. 886.

UN Doc. UNEP/WG.2/5 of Feb. 11, 1975, reproduced in 14 Int'l Legal Materials (1975), p. 464.

UN Doc. UNEP/WG.2/ INF.3 of Jan. 13, 1975, reproduced in 14 Int'l Legal Materials (1975) at p. 481.

See 11 Int'l Legal Materials (1972) at p. 761.

For a brief report, see (1974) 23 I.C.L.Q., 887.

Reproduced from the text provided by the U.S. Department of State in 14 Int'l Legal Materials (1975) at p. 589.

Stockholm Report, p, 5.

Id.

Article 2 of the Draft Convention on the Protection of the Mediterranean op. cit., note 11, at pp. 481-482.

UN Doc. E/C.7/35 (1972), p. 13.

A. Lester , "River Pollution in International Law" (1963) 57 American Journal of Int'l L. 828, 841-842.

OECD Doc. C(72) 128 (June 6, 1972), contained in 14 Int'l Legal Materials (1975), p. 237.

11973] I.C.J. 99, 135.

Ibid pp. 103, 139-140,

Ibid p. 105.

Ibid p. 131.

Ibid.

For a report on the payment, see New York Times, Jan. 5, 1955, p. 6, col. 1.

U.N.R.I.A.A. (1938), p. 1911; id. (1941), p. 1938. The decisions of the Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal are also reported in (1939) 33 Am.J.Int'l L. 182 and (1941) 35 Ibid. 684.

U.N.R.I.A.A. (1941), p. 1965.

I.L.A. , Helsinki Rules on the Uses of the Waters of International Rivers (1967), art. X (1).

Stockholm Report, p. 80.

See, e.q., FAO/WHO Food Standards Programme , Recommended International Tolerances for Pesticide Residues, Ref. No. CAC/RS 43-1971 (1972).

Stockholm Report, p. 81.

B. Cohen , " The Constitution, The Public Trust Doctrine, and the Environment ," (1970) Utah Law Review 388.

T.C. Sanders , The Institutes of Justinian ( 1876), p. 159.

Cohen , op. cit, p. 389.

California Constitution, art. XV, sec. 2.

W. Sigler , Wildlife Law Enforcement (2nd. ed., 1972), p. 17.

J. Sax , " The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resources Law: Effective Judicial Intervention" (1970) 68 Michigan Law Review 473, 484.

Art. IV (f) of the Treaty of Dec. 1, 1959, 12 U.S.T. 794, T.I.A.S. No. 4780, 402 U.N.T.S. 71.

Art. 2 of the Treaty, done Jan. 27, 1967, entered into force, Oct. 10, 1967, 18 U.S.T. 2410, T.I.A.S. No. 6347.

Cited in op. cit., notes 1 and 2.

The text is contained in (1972) 11 Int'l Legal Materials p. 963.

Noted in 9 UN Monthly Chronicle, Dec., 1972, p. 106.

Noted in 19 UNESCO Chronicle, Jan. 1973, p. 5.

The Fund was created pursuant to General Assembly Resolution 2997 (XXVII), op. cit., note 4. Genera] Procedures governing the operation of the Fund are contained in 12 Int'l Legal Materials (1973), p. 1193.

For example, Principle 2 calls for the safeguarding of the " natural resources of the earth ... for the benefit of present and future generations... ": Stockholm Report, p. 4.

Ibid. p. 85. The 27th session of the UN General Assembly welcomed Iran's action, G.A.Res . 3003, 27 UN GAOR, Supp. 30, p. 48, UN Doc. A/8730 (1972).