The European Community and the Third World: A Global or a Regional Development Policy?

W.A. Ndongko , " The Economic Origins of the Association of Some African States with the EEC," African Studies Review , Vol. XVI, No. 2, September 1973.

M. Camps , Britain and the European Community 1955-1963 (London, Oxford University Press, 1964). pp. 82-85.

K. Twitchett , " Yaounde Association and the Enlarged European Community," The World Today, February 1974 , p. 51.

J. Mayall , " The Implications for Africa of the Enlarged EEC," Millennium, Vol. III, No. 2, pp. 115 et seq.

B. Gosovic , UNCTAD: Conflict and Compromise (Leiden Sijthoff, 1972), p. 289.

Ibid. p. 284.

D. Jones. Europe's Chosen Few (London. ODI . 1973). Table 5.1. pp. 32-33.

Gosovic , op. cit, p. 281.

"Memorandum of the Commission to the Council on the Future Relations between the Community, the present AASM States and the countries in Africa, the Caribbean, the Indian and Pacific Oceans referred to in Protocol No. 22 to the Act of Accession," Bulletin of the European Communities, Supplement 1/73 ( Luxembourg, 1973), p. 10. Hereafter referred to as the Deniau Memorandurn.

Ibid. p. 10.

R. Bailey , The European Community in the World (London, Hutchinson & Co., 1973), pp. 87-89.

Plafonds are tariff quotas on " sensitive " and " quasi-sensitive " products, calculated as the sum of imports from all LDCs in a base year (originally 1968, now 1971) plus 5% of imports from all other non-Community sources, updated annually. Butoirs are ceilings on imports from individual countries set at, 10% to 50% of the plafond. The levels vary for different groups of products, but once the plafond or butoir level is reached for a particular product the imports of that product from the LDC concerned is liable for tariffs again at the MFN rate rather than the GSP rate.

G. Ball , "The Open System in North-South Relations," Department of State Bulletin, Vol. 50, 1964 , pp. 657-662, quoted in D. Calleo and B. Rowland , America and the World Political Economy (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973), p. 235.

D. Calleo and B. Rowland , America and the World Political Economy— Atlantic Dreams and National Realities (Bloomington, Indiana University Press, 1973) pp. 235-236.

Deniau Memorandum, p. 7.

Calleo and Rowland , op. cit. p. 237.

Percentages were computed from statistics published in Direction of Trade Annual. 1968-1972 , IMF/IBRD; 1973 . For example, in 1972 the US imported $14,393.8 million from all less developed areas, but only $881 million from associate/associable Africa:

Commission of the European Communities , Memorandum on a Community Policy on Development Cooperation (Luxembourg , 1972), Appendix 12, Table 4, p. 232. Hereafter referred to as Commission Memorandum.

J. Galtung , The European Community: A Superpower in the Making (London , George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1973), Chap. 6.

Ibid pp. 133-136.

Deniau Memorandum, p. 28.

Ibid p. 11.

Percentages were computed from EEC figures listed in the Deniau Memorandum p. 11.

Percentages were computed from figures presented in the EEC pamphlet, European Development Aid, General Directorate of Press and Information, p. 30.

Commission Memorandum, Appendices 2-6 and 9-13, pp. 173-240.

G. & V. Curzon , " Neo-Imperialism in the European Economic Community ", Yearbook of World Affairs, Vol. 25, 1971, p. 135.

Jones , op. cit, p. 10.

See P. Tulloch , The Seven Outside (London , ODI, 1973) and report from the Select Committee on Overseas Development Session 1972-73 (London, HMSO, 1973).

Deniau Memorandum, p. 21.

Ibid. p. 21.

Bailey , op. cit pp. 83-90.

Report of Select Committee, op. cit, p. xxvii.

Bailey , op. cit, pp. 107-108.

Commission Memorandum, Appendix 3 and Appendix 9. pp. 185 and 213.

In 1972, for instance, U.S. imports from' India and Pakistan (separate figures for East Pakistan were unavailable) amounted to $466-9 million, EEC imports to $795 million and U.K. imports to $367-8 million. Figures are from Directions of Trade, op. cit.

Commission Memorandum, Appendices 3-12, pp. 175-232.

Commission of the European Communities , Seventh General Report on the Activities of the European Communities, 1973 . (Brussels-Luxembourg, February 1974), pp. 392-393.

Community Press Information Agency , Initial Guidelines of the EEC Global Policy for Aid to the Third World (Development Cooperation), Europe Documents No. 770, November 15, 1973.

Commission, Seventh General Report, p. 433.

See in particular Jones , op. cit, and F. Ellis , J. Marsh , and C. Ritson , Farmer and Foreigners ( London, ODI, 1973).

C. Cheysson , "Aid for Africa-And Elsewhere," European Community, July/August, 1973, as quoted in Twitchett , op. cir, p. 63.