Music with motivating qualities might support exercise adherence in older adults with cardiac disease. The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2 (BMRI-2), a 6-item scale with motivational quotients ranging from 6 to 42 developed to facilitate music selection for exercise, has been validated with young adults. However, the suitability of the BMRI-2 for older adults is unknown. We tested reliability (internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and measurement error) and validity (content and construct) of the BMRI-2 with older adults in cardiac rehabilitation. Eleven men and 9 women (M age = 71.6 years, SD = 8.9) selected two pieces of music and used the BMRI-2 to rate the motivational quality of these for a walking task. BMRI-2 ratings demonstrated high internal consistency. Test-retest reliability and levels of measurement error were acceptable. Content was evaluated as relevant and comprehensive. There was convergence with flow scales, and discrimination between music selections with differing motivational quotients (p < .01). The BMRI-2 demonstrates acceptable psychometric properties for older adult cardiac rehabilitation patients.
BakerF.GrockeD. (2009). Challenges of working with people aged 60–75 years from culturally and linguistically diverse groups: Repertoire and music therapy approaches employed by Australian Music Therapists. Australian Journal of Music Therapy, 20, 30–55.
2.
BarryJ.AllenP. (1974). I honestly love you [recorded by Newton-JohnO.]. On Her greatest hits [CD]. US: MCA Records. (1977)
3.
BarwoodM. J.WestonN. J. V.ThelwellR.PageJ. (2009). A motivational music and video intervention improves high-intensity exercise performance. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 8, 435–442.
4.
BlandJ. M.AltmanD. G. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet, i, 307–310.
5.
BittnerV.WeinerD. H.YusufS.RogersW. J.McIntyreK.M.BangdiwalaS. I.. . .BourassaM. G. (1993). Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. Journal of the American Medical Association, 270, 1702–1707.
6.
ClairA. A.MemmottJ. (2008). Music to facilitate physical exercise in older adults. In ClairA. A.MemmottJ. (Eds.), Therapeutic uses of music with older adults (2nd ed., pp. 169–189). Silver Spring, MD: American Music Therapy Association.
7.
ClarkI. N.TaylorN. F.BakerF. A. (2012). Music interventions and physical activity in older adults: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, 44, 710–719. doi:10.2340/16501977–1025
8.
GarlandJ.RasafA. (1939). In The Mood [recorded by MillerG]. On A portrait of Glenn Miller [CD]. United Kingdom: Gallerie. (1998)
9.
HarrisonG. (1969). Something [recorded by The Beatles]. On Abbey Road [CD]. London, United Kingdom: Apple.
10.
HutchinsonJ. C.ShermanT. (2014). The relationship between exercise intensity and preferred music intensity. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 3, 191–202.
11.
JacksonS. A.EklundR. C. (2002). Assessing flow in physical activity: The Flow state Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24, 133–150.
12.
JacksonS.EklundR.MartinA. (2010). The FLOW manual: The manual for the flow scales: Manual, sampler set. Brisbane, Australia: Mind Garden.
13.
KarageorghisC. I. (2008). The scientific application of music in sport and exercise. In LaneA. M. (Ed.), Sport and exercise psychology: Topics in applied psychology (pp. 109–138). London, UK: Hodder Education.
14.
KarageorghisC. I.HutchinsonJ. C.Jonesl.FarmerH. I.AyhanM. S.WilsonR. C.. . .BaileyS. G. (2013). Psychological, psychophysical, and ergogenic effects of music in swimming. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 14, 560–568.
15.
KarageorghisC. I.JonesL. (2014). On the stability and relevance of the exercise heart rate-music-tempo preference relationship. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15, 299–310.
16.
KarageorghisC. I.MouzouridesD. A.PriestD. L.SassoT. A.MorrishD. J.WalleyC. J. (2009). Psychophysical and ergogenic effects of synchronous music during treadmill walking. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 18–36.
17.
KarageorghisC. I.PriestD. L. (2012a). Music in the exercise domain: A review and synthesis (part I). International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 44–66.
18.
KarageorghisC. I.PriestD. L. (2012b). Music in the exercise domain: A review and synthesis (part II). International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 5, 67–84.
19.
KarageorghisC. I.PriestD. L.TerryP. C.ChatzisarantisN. L.LaneA. M. (2006). Redesign and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory-2. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24, 899–909.
20.
KarageorghisC. I.TerryP. C.LaneA. M. (1999). Development and initial validation of an instrument to assess the motivational qualities of music in exercise and sport: The Brunel Music Rating Inventory. Journal of sports sciences, 17, 713–724.
21.
KarageorghisC. I.TerryP. C.LaneA. M.BishopD. T.PriestD. L. (2012). The BASES Expert Statement on use of music in exercise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30, 953–956.
22.
LimH. B.AtkinsonG.KarageorghisC. I.EubankM. R. (2009). Effects of differentiated music on cycling time trial. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 30, 435–442.
23.
LipkinD. P.ScrivenA. J.CrakeT.Poole-WilsonP. A. (1986). Six minute walking test for assessing exercise capacity in chronic heart failure. British Medical Journal, 292, 653–655.
24.
MartinA. J.JacksonS. A. (2008). Brief approaches to assessing task absorption and enhanced subjective experience: examining ‘short’ and ‘core’ flow in diverse performance domains. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 141–157.
25.
MiyamotoS.NagayaN.SatohT.KyotaniS.SakamakiF.MasatoshiF.. . .MiyatakeK. (2000). Clinical correlates and prognostic significance of six-minute walk test in patients with primary pulmonary hypertension: Comparison with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 161, 487–492.
26.
MokkinkL. B.TerweeC. B.PatrickD. L.AlonsoJ.StatfordP. W.KnolD. L.. . .de VetH. C. W. (2010a). The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: An international Delphi study. Quality Life Research, 19, 539–549.
27.
MokkinkL. B.TerweeC. B.KnolD. L.StratfordP. W.AlonsoJ.PatrickD. L.. . .de VetH. C. W. (2010b). The COSMIN checklist for evaluating the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties: A clarification of its content. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 10, 22.
28.
MokkinkL. B.TerweeC. B.PatrickD. L.AlonsoJ.StratfordP. W.KnolD. L.. . .de VetH. C. W. (2010c). The COSMIN study reached international consensus on taxonomy, terminology,and definitions of measurement properties for health-related patient-reported outcomes. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 63, 737–745.
29.
MooreR. S.StaumM. J.BrotonsM. (1992). Music preferences of the elderly: Repertoire, vocal ranges, tempos, and accompaniments for singing. Journal of Music Therapy, 29, 236–252.
30.
NelsonM. E.RejeskiW. J.BlairS. N.DuncanP. W.JudgeJ. O.KingA. C.. . .Castaneda-SceppaC. (2007). Physical activity and public health in older adults: Recommendation from the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Heart Association. Circulation, 116, 1094–1105.
31.
NunnallyJ. C. (1978). Psychometric theory. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
32.
PfeifferE. (1975). A short portable mental status questionnaire for the assessment of organic brain deficit in elderly patients. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 23, 433–441.
33.
PortneyL. G.WatkinsM. P. (2009). Foudations of clinical research: Applications to practice (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
34.
SchutzerK. A.GravesB. S. (2004). Barriers and motivations to exercise in older adults. Preventive Medicine, 39, 1056–1061.
35.
ShroutP. E.FleissJ. L. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability. Psychological Bulletin, 86, 420–428.
36.
StreinerD. L.NormanG. R. (2008). Health measurement scales: A practical guide for their development and use (4th ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
37.
TerryP. C.KarageorghisC. I.Mecozzi SahaA. M.D’AuriaS. (2012). Effects of synchronous music on treadmill running among elite triathletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 15, 52–57.
38.
WalterS. D.EliasziwM.DonnerA. (1998). Sample size and optimal designs for reliability studies. Statistics in medicine, 17, 101–110.
39.
WilsonR. (1971). Eagle rock [recorded by CoolDaddy]. On Dynamite hits of the 70’s [CD]. Melbourne, Australia: Sparmac Reord Company.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
