Spatiality and Policy Discourse: Reading the Global City

Virilio Paul , L'espace Critique (Paris: Christian Bourgois, 1984).

Reinhold Robert , “The Los Angeles Life, But on New York Time,” New York Times, Style, 3/6/88, pp. 1–3.

Paul Virilio's concept of chronospace is developed in Pure War (New York: Semiotext(e), 1983).

Baudrillard Jean , “The Art Auction: Sign Exchange and Sumptuary Value,” in For a Critique of the Political Economy of the Sign, trans. Levin Charles (St Louis: Telos Press, 1981), p. 122.

This use of the concept of the “ground plan” comes from Heidegger Martin , “The Age of the World Picture,” in The Question Concerning Technology, trans. Lovett William (New York: Harper & Row, 1977).

For a discussion of the failure of contemporary social theory to treat spatialization as practice, see Soja Edward W. , “Modern Geography, Western Marxism and the Restructuring of Critical Social Theory,” in Peet Richard Thrift Nigel (eds.), The New Models in Geography (London: Allen and Unwin, 1987).

This is why Gilles Deleuze has called Foucault, an analyst of discursive practices, also a cartographer. See his Foucault, ed. and trans. Sean Hand (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986), pp. 23–44.

Derrida Jacques , Speech and Phenomena, trans. Allison David (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 1973), p. 78.

Giddens Anthony , A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism (Berkeley/ University of California Press, 1981), p. 90.

Ibid, p. 93.

Ibid, pp. 93–4.

de Certeau Michel , “Practices of Space,” in Blonsky Marshall (ed.), On Signs (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), p. 124.

Both expressions belong to de Certeau, ibid.

Ibid., p. 127.

Soja Edward W. , “The Socio-Spatial Dialectic,” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, No. 70, June, 1980, p. 210.

For an excellent summary of the production of merchandising space in 19th century France see Terdiman Richard , Discourse, Counter-Discourse (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1985), pp. 136–138. See also Michael B. Miller, The Bon Marche (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981), pp. 165–230.

Boorstin Daniel , The Americans: The Democratic Experience (New York: Vintage Books, 1974).

Huxley Aldous , The Grey Eminence (London: Chatto and Windus, 1944), p. 292.

Ibid., p. 11.

Foucault Michel , “Of Other Spaces,” trans. Miscowiec Jay , Diacritics, Vol. 16, Spring, 1986.

Huxley , The Grey Eminence, op. cit., note 18, p. 11.

Foucault Michel , “Of Other Spaces,” op. cit., note 20, p. 23.

Walzer Michael , “Liberalism and the Art of Separation,” Political Theory, Vol. 12, August, 1984, p. 315.

Ibid.

See Deleuze Gilles Guattari Felix , The Anti-Oedipus, trans. Hurley Robert Seem Mark Helen A. Lane (New York: Viking, 1977). The quotation is an application of Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of deterritorialization and reterritorialization by Klaus Theweleit in Male Fantasies, Vol. I, trans. Stephen Conway (Minneapolis: University Minnesota Press, 1987), p. 264.

Deleuze Guattari , The Anti-Oedipus, ibid., p. 35.

Walzer , “Liberalism and the Art of Separation,” op. cit., note 23, pp. 317–320.

Foucault Michel , “War in the Filigree of Peace,” Oxford Literary Review, Vol. 4, Autumn, 1979, p. 18.

This treatment of discursive practices as assets is suggested in Foucault Michel , The Archeology of Knowledge, trans. Smith A.M. Sheridan (New York: Pantheon, 1972), p. 120.

Walzer , “Liberalism and the Art of Separation,” op. cit., note 23, p. 323.

Foucault , “Of Other Spaces,” op. cit., note 20, p. 23.

Foucault Michel , Discipline and Punish, trans. Sheridan Alan (New York: Pantheon, 1977), pp. 257–292.

Ibid., p. 277.

Lefebre Henri , “Reflections on the Politics of Space,” trans. Enders Michael J. , Antipode, Vol. 8, May, 1976, p. 33.

Ibid., p. 31.

Attali Jacques , Noise, trans. Massumi Brain (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1985), pp. 117–118.

Ibid., p. 47.

See ibid., p. 119 for a discussion of the delocalizing effect of the phonograph record.

See Elias Norbert , “Introduction,” in Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process (New York: Basil Blackwell, 1986).

See Thompson E.P. , “Patrician Society, Plebeian Culture,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 7, Summer, 1974, p. 403; and “The Moral Economy of the English Crowd in the Eighteenth Century,” Past and Present, Vol. 50, February, 1971, pp. 76–136.

On gambling's shaping effects on sport, see Brailford Dennis , Sport and Society: Elizabeth to Anne (London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1969), p. 213.

On the implications for the city of the development of broadcasting space, see Virilio, Pure War, op. cit., note 3, p. 87.

The creation of a monetized world radically horizontalized the relational structures characteristic of medieval society. Note: “Money. functions as a concrete abstraction, imposing external and homogeneous measures of value on all aspects of human life, reducing infinite diversity to a single comparable dimension, and masking subjective human relations by market exchanges,” David Harvey, Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization, (Baltimore, MD, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985), pp. 253–4.

Christopherson S. Storper M. , “The City as Studio; the World as Back Lot: The Impact of Vertical Disintegration on the Location of the Motion Picture Industry,” Environment and Planning, D: Society and Space, Vol. 4, 1986, pp. 305–320, 321.

Soja , “Taking Los Angeles Apart,” op. cit., note 15.

Baer W.C. , “Housing In An Internationalizing Region: Housing Stock Dynamics In Southern California and the Dilemmas of Fair Share,” Environment and Planning, D: Society and Space, Vol. 4, 1986, pp. 337–349, 339.

Foucault , “Of Other Spaces,” op. cit., Ref. 20, p. 22.

Wolfe Tom , The Bonfire of the Vanities (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1987).

Tom Peters reports that currency exchanges now total $80 trillion per annum, only $4 trillion of which are necessary to finance trade in goods and service. Peters Tom , Thriving on Chaos: Handbook for a Management Revolution, (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), p. 9.

This use of the concept of tendency belongs to Virilio, ibid.

Lockwood Charles Leinberger Christopher B. , “Los Angeles Comes of Age,” The Atlantic, Vol. 26, January, 1988, p. 31 ff.

The turning of “problem” into the action “problematization” is an analytic strategy of Michel Foucault. For a good summary of how he views this strategy, see the “Introduction” in his The Use of Pleasure, trans. Robert Hurley (New York: Pantheon, 1985).

Attali , Noise, op cit., note 26, p. 39.

Ibid., p. 46.

On the “globalization” of the Los Angeles economy see Soja Edward , “Taking Los Angeles Apart: Some Fragments of a Critical Human Geography,” Society and Space, Vol. 4, 1986, and Mike Davis, “Chinatown, Part Two? The ‘Internationalization’ of Downtown Los Angeles,” New Left Review, pp. 65–86.

“Zaitech” is discussed in Davis, ibid., pp. 72–73.

Soja , “Taking Los Angeles Apart,” op. cit., note 15, pp. 260–261.

The Third World labor pool theme is developed in Davis, “Chinatown, Part Two?”, op. cit., note 55.

See ibid., pp. 73–75 for an elaboration of the increasing marginalization of Los Angeles’ Black population.

Foucault , Discipline and Punish, op. cit., note 32, pp. 293–308.

Loury Glenn C. , “The Family as Context for Delinquency Prevention: Demographic Trends and Political Realities,” in Wilson James Q. Loury Glenn C. (eds.), From Children to Citizens (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987), pp. 3–26.

Ibid., p. 4.

Giddens Anthony , The Constitution of Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. 183–184.

de Certeau Michel , The Practice of Everyday Life, trans. Rendall Steven F. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), pp. xviii–xx.

Quoted in Davis Mike , “Los Angeles: Civil Liberties between the Hammer and the Rock,” New Left Review, No. 170, July/August, 1988, p. 38.

Note: “The fields of urban science require reconceptualization because the patterns of spatial organization have changed.” Gottdiener's critique is directed primarily at mainstream urban science which in his view is dominated by urban ecology, economics and geography and the liberal paradigm which underlies them and produces a fundamentally depoliticized view of urban processes. His critique is equally directed at left-liberal and marxist political economy perspectives for their inattention to the “absolute space of political and social denomination” which “reigns hegemonically over the social space of everyday life,” M. Gottdiener, The Social Production of Urban Space: (Austin, University of Texas Press, 1985), p. 290.

Walzer , “Liberalism and the Art of Separation,” op. cit., note 23, p. 320.

Ibid., p. 321.

Ibid., p. 323.

Again, Gottdiener on urban science—“The mainstream paradigm explains urban development as if the state did not exist. As we have seen socio-spatial development is as much a product of the state as it is of the private sector,” op. cit., note 66, p. 268.

Simply, for example, consider such diverse sources as Barnet Richard J. Mueller Ronald E. , Global Reach (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1974); Creel Forman, The Two American Political Systems (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1984); Edwards S. Greenberg, Capitalism and The American Political Ideal (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 1985); and Michael Moffett, The World's Money (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).

Powels J. , “On the Limitations of Modern Medicine,” Science, Medicine and Man, Vol. 1, 1973, pp. 1–50.