Resolution WHA40.26, Fortieth World Health Assembly, Handbook Resolutions, Vol. III, 1.16.13, 15 May 1987.
2.
New York Times, June 11, 1987.
3.
Resolution 1987/75 of the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations, 35th plenary meeting, July 8, 1987.
4.
San Francisco Chronicle, October 21, 1987.
5.
UN Chronicle, March 1988, p. 31.
6.
New Scientist, February 4, 1988, p. 32.
7.
Ibid..
8.
London Declaration on AIDS Prevention, January 28, 1988.
9.
See, for example, AIDS and the Third World, a report of the Panos Institute (Panos Dossier 1), London, March 1987; PiotP.PlummerF. A., “AIDS: An International Perspective,” Science, February 5, 1988, pp. 573–579; Jon Tinker, “AIDS in Developing Countries” in Issues in Science and Technology, Winter 1988, pp. 43–48; Alfred J. Fortin, “Politics of AIDS in Kenya” in Third World Quarterly, July 1988, pp. 906–919; Lori Heise, “AIDS: New Threat to the Third World” in World Watch, January-February 1988, pp. 19–27; Charles W. Hunt, “Africa and AIDS” in Monthly Review, February 1988, pp. 10–22; “AIDS and Poverty in the Third World” in Policy Focus, a publication of the Overseas Development Council, Washington, DC, No. 7, 1987; PiotP.ColebundersR., “AIDS in Africa: A Public Health Priority,” Journal of Virological Methods, Vol. 17, 1987, pp. 1–10; Ed Hooper, “AIDS in Uganda,” African Affairs, October 1987, pp. 469–478; Jonathan Mann, “AIDS in Africa,” New Scientist, March 1987, pp. 40–43; and Robert J. Biggar, “The AIDS Problem in Africa,” Lancet, January 11, 1986, pp. 79–83.
10.
Mann, ibid., p. 43.
11.
Op. cit., note 5, p. 33.
12.
New Scientist, January 28, 1988, p. 25.
13.
See remarks of WHO director, Halfden Mahler, New York Times, October 21, 1987; See J. Mann comments in UPI story of February 15, 1987.
14.
See FelixI. D. Konotey-Ahulu, “AIDS in Africa: Misinformation and Disinformation,”Lancet, July 25, 1987, pp. 206–207; Wanume Kibedi, “AIDS and African Viewpoint,” Development Forum, March 1987, p. 6; and Biggar on early over-estimations of prevalance in Africa.
15.
See, for example, comments of senior Brazilian health officials in New York Times, October 28, 1987; and “In AIDS Theory, Africa sees Racism,” New York Times, November 19, 1987.
16.
New York Times, November 19, 1987; and my “The Politics of AIDS in Kenya,” op. cit., note 9.
17.
Panos Institute report, op. cit., note 9. See also, for example, “Cuba's Callous War on AIDS,” New York Times, February 11, 1988.
18.
Large numbers of Ugandans have crossed over into Kenya as a result of the civil war in Uganda. These have included Ugandan women who have been forced into prostitution through poverty and the “Kenyatization” of available jobs. There is fear in Kenya that these Ugandans could be spreading AIDS. This complicates the recent tensions between the two countries over whether Ugandan rebels are operating out of Kenya. See “AIDS lays waste to Uganda,” New African, July 1986, p. 31; and “Kenya-Uganda tension deepens over rebels and border troops,” New York Times, October 21, 1987.
19.
See International Herald Tribune, December 13, 1985; Time, November 17, 1986; and New York Times, February 8, 1987.
20.
FoucaultMichel, The History of Sexuality: Volume 1 (New York: Vintage, 1980), p. 12.
21.
EscobarArturo, “Discourse and Power in Development: Michel Foucault and the Relevance of His Work to the Third World,”Alternatives X, 3. Winter, 1984–1985, p. 383.
22.
BlomstromMagnusHettneBjorn, Development Theory in Transition (London: Zed Books, 1984) p. 20.
23.
Ibid., pp. 20–24.
24.
DoyalLesley, The Political Economy of Health (Boston: South End Press, 1983), p. 137.
25.
Escobar, op. cit., note 21, pp. 387–388.
26.
MannJonathan, World Health, March 1988, p. 6.
27.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, 38.
28.
Heise, op. cit., note 9, pp. 23–24.
29.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, p. 40.
30.
International Herald Tribune, January 23/24, 1988.
31.
Heise, op. cit., note 9, p. 25; see also PiotPlummer, op. cit., note 9, p. 578.
32.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, p. 41.
33.
NkowaneB., New Scientist, March 17, 1988.
34.
New Scientist, January 14, 1988, p. 34.
35.
Tinker, op. cit., note 9, p. 45.
36.
Daily Nation (Nairobi), January 14, 1987.
37.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, pp. 35.
38.
Ibid., p. 41.
39.
New York Times, October 19, 1987.
40.
New Scientist, March 17, 1988, p. 31.
41.
Tinker, op. cit., note 9, p. 46.
42.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, p. 41.
43.
Mann, World health, op. cit., note 26, p. 8.
44.
Panos, op. cit., note 9, p. 49.
45.
Mann, World Health, op. cit., note 26, p. 8.
46.
See Global Programme on AIDS Progress Report, No. 3, May1988, World Health Organization publication, for more details.
47.
Mahler, World Health, op. cit., note 13, p. 2.
48.
UN Chronicle, op. cit., note 5, p. 33.
49.
WHO/GPAProgress Report, p. 15.
50.
Ibid., p. 7.
51.
Ibid..
52.
New York Times, March 27, 1988; and New Scientist, January 28, 1988.
53.
UN Chronicle, op. cit., note 5, p. 33.
54.
FitzGeraldFrancis, America Revised (New York: Vintage, 1980) p. 158.
55.
For an extensive account of the epidemic from this point of view see Renee Sabatier's Blaming Others (Philadelphia: New Society, 1988).
56.
HuntCharles W., “Africa and AIDS: Dependent Development, Sexism, and Racism,”Monthly Review, February 1988, p. 12.
57.
Ibid., p. 13.
58.
NavarroVincente, Crisis, Health, and Medicine (New York: Tavistock, 1986), p. 219.
59.
Doyal, op. cit., note 24, pp. 257, 261.
60.
Navarro, op. cit., note 58, p. 220.
61.
New Scientist, February 18, 1988, p. 36.
62.
Doyal, op. cit., note 24, p. 262.
63.
See CaputoRobert, “Uganda—Land Beyond Sorrow,”National Geographic, April 1988, p. 486; see for example also Hooper, op. cit., note 9; “Uganda in Desperate Pursuit of Runaway AIDS,” San Francisco Chronicle, October 6, 1987; “In the Grip of the Scourge,” Time, February 16, 1987, pp. 58–59; “Africa in the Plague Years,” Newsweek, November 24, 1986, pp. 44–47; and “AIDS lays Waste to Uganda,” New African, July 1986.
64.
See Fortin, op. cit., note 9, p. 919. Also on “illness narratives” see generally Arthur Kleinman, The Illness Narrative (New York: Basic Books, 1988).
65.
PiotPlummer, op. cit., note 9, p. 239.
66.
Doyal, op. cit., note 24, pp. 270–271.
67.
Ibid..
68.
Heise, op. cit., note 9, p. 25.
69.
RahnemaMajid, “A New Variety of AIDS and its Pathogens: Homo Economicus, Development and Aid,”Alternatives XIII, 1, January 1988, p. 126.
70.
MasonEdward S., The Harvard Institute for International Development and its Antecedents (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1986), pp. 68–69.
