Confronting the Brave New World Economic Order: Toward a Southern Agenda for the 1990s

“Asian-African Conference: Final Communique,” Bandung, April 18–24, 1955, in Jankowitsch Odette Sauvant Karl (eds.), The Third World Without Superpowers: The Collected Documents of the Non-Aligned Countries (Dobbs Ferry, New York: Oceana Publications, 1978), p. lxvi.

Castro Fidel , “Peace and Economic Development,” Speech at 1986 Summit of Non-Aligned Countries in Harare, Zimbabwe, The Black Scholar, March-April 1987, p. 19.

“Ailing Nigeria Opens Its Economy,” New York Times, August 15, 1988, pp. C10.

Avila Ricardo , “Reclaiming a Lost Decade,” Worldpaper, October 1986, p. 2.

“Debt Crisis Is Inflicting a Heavy Toll in Dominican Republic,” Wall Street Journal, August 20, 1987.

Feinberg Richard , The Intemperate Zone: The Challenge of the Third World to U.S. Foreign Policy (New York: W. W. Norton, 1983), p. 89.

Dornbusch Rudiger , “The World Debt Problem: 1980–84 and Beyond,” in Dollars, Debts, and Deficits (Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1986), p. 140.

Wood Robert , “Debt Crisis Update: 1988,” Socialist Review, Vol. 18, No. 3, July–September, 1988, p. 103.

IMF Survey, Vol. 17, No. 17, August 29, 1988, p. 275.

Feinberg , op. cit., note 6, p. 95.

Ibid., p. 96.

This is a conclusion I arrived at after talking to people monitoring the labor situation in the Philippines during a visit there in April 1988. Of course, repression by military-backed vigilantes had a role in dampening labor militance, but this, in my opinion, was secondary.

Polio Gerard Riemenschneider Charles , “The Coming Third World Investment Revival,” Harvard Business Review, Vol. 88, No. 2, March-April, 1988, p. 118.

Ibid., p. 122.

“Letter of the Law,” Far Eastern Economic Review. February 4, 1988, p. 78.

“Shenzen Workers Urged to Tolerate Exploitation,” Sing Tao International, August 10, 1988, p. 2.

World Bank, World Debt Tables: External Debt of Developing Countries, Vol. 1 (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1988), xxiii.

Kassam Shiraz , “Debt Equity Swaps,” Development Forum, October 1987, p. 11.

O'Brien Richard . “Oil Markets and the Developing Countries,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 4, October, 1986, p. 1314.

Quoted in Foreign Policy Association “Third World Development: Old Problems, New Strategies,” in Great Decisions 1986 (New York: Foreign Policy Association, 1986).

Mulford David , “Remarks Before the Asia-Pacific Capital Markets Conference,” San Francisco, November 17, 1987.

Cited in Renato Constantino, The Nationalist Alternative (Quezon City: Foundation for Nationalist Studies, 1979), p. 38.

World Bank, “The Philippines: Priorities and Prospects for Development,” Vol. 1. Confidential draft, Washington, D.C., 1976, Statistical Appendix, Table C.7.

Ibid., “Social Indicators” page.

White Christine , “Recent Debates in Vietnamese Development Policy”, in White Gordon , (eds.), Revolutionary Socialist Development in the Third World (Brighton: Wheatsheaf Books, 1983), p. 255.

Ibid..

Vien Nguyen Khac , “The Economic Options of the Fifth Congress,” Vietnam Courier, No. 6, 1982, p. 15.

For a good discussion of the debates among the Bolsheviks during this period, see Cohen Stephen , Bukharin and the Russian Revolution (New York: Alfred Knopf, 1973), pp. 160–211.

Ibid., p. 17.

Spragens John Jr. , “Cautious Policy Reforms,” Indochina Issues, December, 1980, p. 2.

International Monetary Fund, “Socialist Republic of Vietnam—Staff Report for the 1982 Article IV Consultation,” April 30, 1982, p. 11.

Ibid., p. 7.

Ibid., p. 9.

Letter of the Law, op. cit., note 15.

As stated by Frank Andre Gunder , “East-West-South Relations in the World Economy,” in Hadjor Kofi Buenor , (ed.), New Perspectives in North-South Dialogue (London: I. B. Taurus and Co., 1988), p. 97.

Ibid..

For a good discussion of the influence of the Cold War context on economic growth, see Cheng Tun Jen , “The Rise and Limits of the East Asian NICs,” Pacific Focus, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 66–67.

Interview with Park Y. C. , Senior Manager, Tae Heung Ltd., Seoul, South Korea, May 23, 1988.

Interview, anonymity requested, Inchon, South Korea, May 18, 1988.

Interview with worker at Handok Metal Industrial Company, Inchon, South Korea, May 18, 1988. Anonymity requested.

Interview with Kim Tae Hwan, Associate Professor of Economics, Inha University, Inchon, South Korea, May 18, 1988.

“Economic Trend,” Business Korea, Vol. 5, No. 9, March, 1988, p. 9.

“Building a Manufacturing Base for Japan,” Business Korea, Vol. 5, No. 12, p. 24.

See, for Taiwan, a recent study by Pien Yu-yuan, a professor at National Taiwan University, which says that the richest five per cent of the country made 7.3 times as much as the poorest 5 per cent in 1986, up from 6.8 times in 1982. Cited in Besher Alexander , “Pacific Rim,” San Francisco Chronicle, August 8, 1988. Deterioration of income distribution in Korea in the 1970s is documented in Hagen Koo, “The Political Economy of Income Distribution in South Korea: The Impact of the State's Industrialization Policies,” World Development, Vol. 12, No. 10, 1984, pp. 1029–1037.

Directorate of Intelligence, US Central Intelligence Agency, “Future Newly Industrializing Countries: More Competition,” Confidential, March, 1984, p. 8.

Halliday Fred , “The Maturing of the Non-Aligned: Perspectives from New Delhi,” in Third World Affairs 1985 (London: Third World Foundation for Social and Economic Studies, 1985), p. 50.

Nossiter Bernard , The Global Struggle for More (New York: Harper and Row, 1987), p. 65.

Ibid..

Krasner Stephen , “Transforming International Regimes,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1, March 1981, pp. 146–148.

Quoted in Shaw Tim , “The Non-Aligned Movement and the New International Division of Labor,” in Hadjor , (ed.), New Perspectives in North-South Dialogue, op. cit., note 35, p. 176.

Krasner , op. cit., note 49, p. 143.

Maizels Alfred , “Reforming the World Commodity Economy,” in Cutajar Michael , (ed.), UNCTAD and the North-South Dialogue (New York: Pergamon Press, 1985), p. 108.

Ibid..

Behrman Jere , “Rethinking Global Negotiations: Trade,” in Bhagwati Jagdish Ruggie John Gerard , (eds.), Power, Passions, and Purpose (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1984), p. 241.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, The History of UNCTAD, 1964–84 (New York: United Nations, 1985), p. 110.

Behrman , op. cit., note 54, p. 244.

See Grunwald Joseph Flamm Kenneth , The Global Factory (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 1985), p. 241.

“Korea-EC Talks Overshadowed by Dumping,” Sing Too International, September 13, 1988.

Nossiter , op. cit., note 47, p. 76.

World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987).

Nossiter , op. cit., note 47, p. 84.

Ibid..

Ibid..

Quoted in Nossiter, note 47, p. 102.

“MITI Report Details Plan to Help Developing Nations Industrialize,” Japan Economic Journal, February 27, 1988.

Miller Morris , Coping Is Not Enough!: The International Debt Crisis and the Roles of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (Homewood, Illinois: Dow Jones Irwin, 1986), p. 179.

The best documentation for this is provided in US Treasury Department, Assessment of U.S. Participation in the Multilateral Banks in the 1980's (Washington, DC: US Treasury Department, 1982.

Nossiter, op. cit., note 47, p. 36.

Payer Cheryl , “The World Bank and the Debt Crisis,” Third World Quarterly, Vol. 8. No. 2, April, 1986, p. 664.

Miller , op. cit., note 66, pp. 185–186.

Broad Robin Cavanagh John , “No More NICs,” Foreign Policy, No. 72, Fall, 1988, p. 98.

Bell Michael Sheehy Robert , “Helping Structural Adjustment in Low-Income Countries,” Finance and Development, Vol. 24. No. 4, p. 7.

IMF Survey, Vol. 17, No. 17, August 29, 1988, p. 276.

See Gauhar Altaf , “Arab Petrodollars,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Summer 1987), p. 458.

Dubey Muchkund , “A Third World Perspective,” in Power, Passions, and Purpose, op. cit., note 54, p. 66.

Ibid., p. 67.

As summed up by Halliday, op. cit., note 47, p. 48.

One of the most thorough accounts of the Law of the Sea negotiations is provided by Nossiter, op. cit., note 47, pp. 76–106.

Nossiter, op. cit., note 47, p. 99.

de Vries Rimmer , “Commentary on “International Debt and Economic Instability,” in Debt, Financial Instability, and Public Policy: A Symposium Sponsored by the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City (Kansas City: Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1986), p. 95.

In an interview with the author on June 26, 1987, the Bank of America's Vice President for international lending, Lewis Coleman, said that the IMF had become so discredited in Third World countries that even some of the commercial banks had come to regard it as a “dinosaur.”.

Dornbusch , op. cit., note 7, p. 149.

As summed up by John Cavanagh, “On Jorge,” August 19, 1988.

Halliday , op. cit., note 46, p. 52.

Quoted in Tomassini Luciano , “Las negociaciones norte-sur y el cambio de los paises en desarrollo,” El Trimestre Economico, Vol. XLI, No. 1, January-March, 1982, p. 71.

Boonekamp Clemens , “Voluntary Export Restraints,” Finance and Development, Vol. 24, No. 4, p. 4.

Frank , op. cit., note 35, p. 79.

Krasner , op. cit., note 49, p. 140.

Krause Lawrence , Testimony before Joint Economic Committee, US Congress, Washington, DC, December 11, 1986.

“Japan's Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere,” San Francisco Chronicle, September 14, 1988.

This possibility is also noted by Frank , op. cit., note 35, p. 92.

I owe this insight to Celso Furtado, “El orden economico internacional y el Brasil,” El Trimestre Economico, Vol. XLVIII (3), July–September, 1981, pp. 532–33.

Kroeber Arthur , “India Aiming at High-Tech Superpower Status,” Pacific News Service, April 18–24, 1988.