Geopolitical Discourse: The Soviet Union as other

Sanders J. , Peddlars of Crisis: The Committee on the Present Danger and the Politics of Containment (Boston: South End, 1983).

Scheer R. , With Enough Shovels: Reagan, Bush and Nuclear War (New York: Vintage, 1983); A.M. Cox, Russian Roulette: The Superpower Game (New York: Times Books, 1982); and A. Wolfe, The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Threat (Boston: South End, 1984).

Freedman L. , US Intelligence and the Soviet Strategic Threat (London: MacMillan, 1986); and J. Prados, The Soviet Estimate (New York: Dial, 1982).

The notable exception to this “silence” of geopolitics is Kissinger's use of the term, although he used the term in an idiosyncratic manner not clearly linked to the earlier tradition, Hepple L. W. , “The Revival of Geopolitics,” Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 4, Supplement, 1986, pp. S21–S36; Z. Brzezinski, Game Plan: A GeoStrategic Framework for the Conduct of the US-Soviet Contest (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986); and C.E. Zoppo, and C. Zorgbibe (editors) On Geopolitics: Classical and Nuclear (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1985).

MacKinder H.J. , “The Geographical Pivot of History,” Geographical Journal, Vol. 23, 1904, pp. 421–42; H.J. MacKinder, Democratic Ideals and Reality: A Study in the Politics of Reconstruction (London: Constable, 1919); N. Spykman, America's Strategy in World Politics (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1942); and N. Spykman, The Geography of the Peace (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1944).

Kristof L.K.D. , “The Origins and Evolution of Geopolitics,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1960, pp. 15–51.

Parker G. , Western Geopolitical Thought in the Twentieth Century (London: Croom Helm, 1985); G. Trofimenko, The US Military Doctrine (Moscow: Progress, 1986); and R.E. Walters, The Nuclear Trap: An Escape Route (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1974).

Pepper D. Jenkins A. , “Reversing the Nuclear Arms Race: Geopolitical Bases for Pessimism,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 36, No. 4, 1984, pp. 419–27.

Foucault M. , The Archaeology of Knowledge (New York: Pantheon, 1972); M. Foucault, The Order of Things: An Archaeology of the Human Sciences (New York: Vintage, 1973); M. Foucault, Language, Counter-Memory, Practice (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1977); and M. Foucault, Power/Knowledge (Brighton: Harvester, 1980).

Fabian J. , Time and the Other: How Anthropology Makes its Object (New York: Columbia University Press, 1983).

Dossa S. , “Political Philosophy and Orientalism: The Classical Origins of a Discourse,” Alternatives, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1987, pp. 343–58.

Said E. , Orientalism (New York: Vintage, 1979).

Op cit, note 9.

Todorov T. , The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (New York: Harper and Row, 1984).

Shapiro M. , “The Constitution of the Central American Other: The Case of Guatemala,” paper presented as the annual Griffith Lecture, School of International Service (American University, Washington, 1987).

Ibid..

Ibid..

Ibid..

Ashley R. , “The Geopolitics of Geopolitical Space: Toward a Critical Social Theory of International Politics,” Alternatives, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1987, pp. 403–34; and R.B.J. Walker, “Genealogy, Geopolitics and Political Community: Richard K. Ashley and the Critical Social Theory of International Politics,” Alternatives, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1988, pp. 84–8.

Anderson P. , Lineages of the Absolutist State (London: New Left Books, 1974); and N. Smith, Uneven Development (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1984).

This is not the place for an extensive analysis the writings of Thomas Hobbes or bourgeois political theory. For its relevance to international politics and security see below. T. Hobbes, Leviathian (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968); B. Buzan, People, States and Fear: The National Security Problem in International Relations (Brighton: Wheatsheaf, 1983); A. Linklater, Men and Citizens in the Theory of International Relations (London: MacMillan, 1982); L. Paggi, and P. Pinzauti, “Peace and Security,” Telos, No. 63, 1985, pp. 3–40; M. Wight, “Why is there no International Theory?,” in H. Butterfield, and M. Wight (editors), Diplomatic Investigations: Essays in the Theory of International Politics (London: Allen and Unwin, 1966); R.B.J. Walker, “The Territorial State and the Theme of Gulliver,” International Journal, Vol. 34, 1984, pp. 529–52; and R.B.J. Walker, “Realism, Change and International Political Theory,” International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 1, 1987, pp. 65–86.

Paggi PinZauti , ibid..

Walker R.B.J. (1988c) “The Concept of Security and International Relations Theory” (San Diego: University of California Institute of Global Conflict Cooperation, Working Paper No. 3, 1988).

Ibid..

Anderson B.R. , Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); and R. Munck, The Difficult Dialogue: Marxism and Nationalism (London: Zed, 1986).

Klein B.S. , “Beyond the Western Alliance: The Politics of Post Atlanticism,” Paper presented at the British International Studies Association Meeting (Reading, 1986).

Op cit, note 15.

Op cit, note 20.

Gross D. , “Space, Time and Modern Culture,” Telos, No. 50, 1981–82, pp. 59–78.

Op cit, note 15.

Op cit, note 26.

Luckham R. , “Armament Culture,” Alternatives, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1984, pp. 1–44; and R.B.J. Walker, “Culture, Discourse, Insecurity,” Alternatives, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1986, pp. 485–504.

Falk R.A. , The Promise of World Order: Essays in Normative International Relations (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1987).

Kovel J. , Against the State of Nuclear Terror (Boston: South End Press, 1983); and E.P. Thompson, The Heavy Dancers (London: Merlin, 1985); E.P. Tnompson, Double Exposure (London: Merlin, 1985); and op cit, note 2.

Bay C. , “Hazards of Goliath in the Nuclear Age: Need for Rational Priorities in American Peace and Defence Policies,” Alternatives, Vol. 8, No. 4, 1983, pp. 501–42; C. Cohn, “Sex and Death in the Rational World of Defence Intellectuals,” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 12, No. 4, 1987, pp. 687–719; ibid: op cit note 26; J. Galtung, “Social Cosmology and the Concept of Peace,” Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 1981, pp. 183–99; E.P. Thompson, Zero Option (London: Merlin, 1982); R.B.J. Walker, “Contemporary Militarism and the Discourse of Dissent,” Alternatives, Vol. 9, No. 3, 1983–84, pp. 303–22; and N. Witheford, Nuclear Text, unpublished MA thesis (Department of English, Simon Fraser University, 1987).

Op cit, note 32.

Chilton P. (editor), Language and the Nuclear Arms Debate: Nukespeak Today (London: Francis Pinter, 1985).

Op cit, note 19.

MccGwire M. , “Dilemmas and Delusions of Deterrence,” World Policy Journal, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1984, pp. 745–67; and M. MccGwire, “Deterrence: the Problem—Not the Solution,” International Affairs, Vol. 62, No. 1, 1985–86, pp. 55–70.

Freedman L. , The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy (New York: St Martin's, 1983); G. Herken, Counsels of War (New York: Knopf, 1985); M. Kaku, and D. Axelrod, To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon's Secret War Plans (Boston: South End, 1987); and F. Kaplan, The Wizards of Armaggedon (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983).

Cohen S.F. , Rethinking the Soviet Experience: Politics and History Since 1917 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985); and F. Griffiths, “Through the Oneway Glass: Mutual Perception in Relations Between the US and S.U.,” paper presented at the Third World Congress of Soviet and East European Studies (Washington, DC, 1985).

Op cit, note 5.

Dalby S. , “American Geopolitics and the Soviet Threat,” unpublished PhD dissertation (Geography Department, Simon Fraser University, 1988).

Agnew J. O'Tuathail G. , “The Historiography of American Geopolitics,” paper presented to the International Studies Association annual convention (Washington, DC, April 1987); and G. O'Tuathaill, “The Geopolitics of Southern Africa: The US State Department and the Scripting of Southern Africa, 1969–1986,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Association of American Geographers (Portland, April 1987).

Agnew J. , “An Excess of ‘National Exceptionalism’: Towards a New Political Geography of American Foreign Policy,” Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2, 1983, pp. 151–66.

The presentation of these arguments is necessarily compressed, for an extensive documentation of the CPD position see Dalby, op cit, note 40.

Kampleman M. , “Introduction to Commitee on the Present Danger,” Tyroler C. (editor), Alerting America: The Papers of the Committee on the Present Danger (New York: Pergamon Brassey, 1984).

Committee on the Present Danger, C. Tyroler (editor), Alerting America: The Papers of the Committee on the Present Danger..

Ibid..

Pipes R. , Russia Under the Old Regime (London: Wiedenfeld and Nicholson, 1974).

Pipes R. , US-Soviet Relations in the Era of Detente (Boulder: Westview, 1981).

Pipes R. , “Militarism and the Soviet State,” Daedalus, Vol. 109, No. 4, 1980, pp. 1–12.

Op cit, note 51.

Op cit, note 48.

Ibid..

Kahler M. , “Rumors of War: The 1914 Analogy,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 58, No. 2, 1979, pp. 374–96.

Op cit, note 48.

Ibid..

Ibid..

Rostow E.V. , “The Safety of the Republic: Can the Tide be Turned?,” Strategic Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, 1976, pp. 12–25.

O'Sullivan P. , “Antidomino,” Political Geography Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1982, pp. 57–64.

Op cit, note 5.

Gray C.S. , The Geopolitics of the Nuclear Era: Heartlands, Rimlands, and the Technological Revolution (New York: Crane, Russack & Co., 1977).

Op cit, note 5.

Wells S.F. , “Sounding the Tocsin: NSC68 and the Soviet Threat,” International Security, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1979, pp. 116–58.

Dalby S. , “The Political Geography of Security,” paper presented to the annual meeting of the American Association of Geographers (Phoenix, Arizona, April 1988).

Op cit, note 64.

Gray C.S. , “Foreign Policy—There is no Choice,” Foreign Policy, No. 24, 1976, pp. 114–27.

Op cit, note 64.

Cohen S. , Geography and Politics in a World Divided (New York: Random House, 1963).

Op cit, note 64.

Ibid..

Gray C.S. , “The Most Dangerous Decade: Historic Mission, Legitimacy and Dynamics of the Soviet Empire in the 1980s,” Orbis, Vol. 25, No. 1, 1981, pp. 13–28; C.S. Gray, “Understanding Soviet Military Power,” Problems of Communism, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1981, pp. 64–7; C.S. Gray, “Reflections on Empire: The Soviet Connection,” Military Review, Vol. 62, No. 1, 1982, pp. 2–13; and R.V. Strode, and C.S. Gray, “The Imperial Dimension of Soviet Military Power,” Problems of Communism, Vol. 30, No. 6, 1981, pp. 1–15.

Ibid..

Op cit, note 64.

Op cit, note 73.

Ibid..

Ibid..

Ibid..

Pipes R. , “Why the Soviet Union Thinks it Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War,” Commentary, Vol. 64, No. 1, 1977, pp. 21–34.

Nitze P. , “Assuring Strategic Stability in an Era of Detente,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 2, 1976, pp. 207–32.

Gray C.S. , “Nuclear Strategy: The Case for a Theory of Victory,” International Security, Vol. 4, No. 1, 1979, pp. 54–87.

Knelman F. , Reagan, God and the Bomb: From Myth to Policy (Toronto: McLelland and Stewart, 1985); and op cit, note 40.

Talbott S. , Deadly Gambits: The Reagan Administration and the Stalemate in Nuclear Arms Control (New York: Vintage, 1985).

Scheer , op cit, note 2.

Sokolovsky V. D. (editor), Military Strategy: Soviet Doctrine and Concepts (New York: Praeger, 1963).

Op cit, note 51.

Op cit, note 82.

Ibid..

Pipes R. , “Detente: Moscow's View,” in Pipes R. (editor), Soviet Strategy in Western Europe (New York: Crane, Russak & Co., 1976); and op cit, note 50.

Op cit, note 82.

It might be objected that the imperial thesis was only elaborated subsequent to the 1979 appearance of the “theory of victory,” op cit, note 73. However the crucial passage in the 1979 paper refers to Pipes' analysis of Russian imperialism. The five key factors that Gray draws on are taken directly from Pipes' formulations, note 73 refers to these writings as “the imperial thesis;” and op cit, note 82.

Op cit, note 40.

Ibid..

Op cit, note 19.

Op cit, note 41.

Op cit, note 39.

Booth K. , Strategy and Ethnocentrism (London: Croom Helm, 1979).

Op cit, note 12.

Op cit, note 15.

Kennan G. (alias “X”), “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 25, No. 4, 1947, pp. 566–82.

Op cit, note 65.

Pipes R. , Survival is not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984).

Op cit, note 61.

Arbess D.J. Sahaydachny S.A. , “Nuclear Deterrence and International Law: Some Steps Toward Observance,” Alternatives, Vol. 12, No.1, 1987, pp. 83–111.

Gill S. , “Hegemony, Consensus and Trilateralism,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, 1986, pp. 205–22.

Op cit, note 35.

Ibid..

Walker , op cit, note 21.

Klare M. T. Kornbluh P. (editors), Low Intensity Warfare: Counterinsurgency, Proinsurgency and Antiterrorism in the Eighties (New York: Pantheon, 1988).

Op cit, note 66.

Op cit, note 23.

Walker R.B.J. , One World/Many Worlds: Struggles for a Just World Peace (Boulder: Lynn Reinner, 1988); Gustavo Esteva, “Regenerating People's Space,” Alternatives, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1987, pp. 125–152.