The Need for Alternative Forms of Security: Crises and Opportunities

See Wallace Michael , “Old Nails in New Coffins: The Para Bellum Hypothesis Revisited,” in Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 28, No. 1, 1981, on the empirical fallacy of para bellum hypotheses.

Thurow Lester , The Zero Sum Solution: Buildin a World Class American Economy (NY: Simon and Schuster, 1985), pp. 47, 379.

Keohan Robert , After Hegemony, (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984).

This argument does not even raise the issue of whether hegemonic leadership is desirable in the kind of regime it produces, simply whether or not it is a necessary component to produce a regime. The question of desirability is, of course, also an essential one to ask.

For two early and still significant examples of this thinking, see Hardin Garrett , “The Tragedy of the Commons,” and Kenneth Boulding, “The Economics of Spaceship Earth,” both in Daly Herman (editor), Toward a Steady-State Economy (San Francisco: Freeman, 1973).

For more information on the conferences, official and unofficial, see Caldwell Lynton Keith , International Environmental Policy (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1984), pp. 19–81.

For a review of OPEC actions prior to 1973, and for the argument that there was adequate evidence for US policy-makers, from the OPEC published record of economic goals and accomplishments alone, to have foreseen the oil crises, see Carolyn Stephenson, “The Integration of OPEC into World Economic and Political Institutions,” a paper presented to the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association, Washington, DC, February 19–22, 1975.

For an examination of the various codes of conduct, see Rhodes Paula R. , “Regulation of Multinational Enterprises: International Codes of Conduct,” in Nanda Ved (editor), The Law of Transnational Business Transactions, revised edition (NY: Clark Boardman, 1986), pp. 16/1–16/32.

For a fuller discussion of this new concept of security see Stephenson Carolyn , “Alternative International Security Systems: An Introduction,” in Stephenson C. (editor), Alternative Methods for International Security, Washington DC: University Press of America, 1982).

Holsti Kal , “Resolving International Conflict: A Taxonomy of Behavior and Some Figures on Procedures,” Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1966, pp. 272–296.

Schell Jonathan , The Fate of the Earth (New York: Avon Books, 1982).

Schelling Thomas C. , “The Diplomacy of Violence,” in Beitz Charles R. Herman Theodore , Peace and War (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman and Co, 1973), pp. 74–90.

See Dedijer Vladimir , “Guerilla Warfare: The Poor Man's Power,” in Beitz Charles R. Herman Theodore (editor), Peace and War (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1973), pp. 41–49.

Boulding Kenneth E. , Stable Peace (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1978).

Richardson Lewis , Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Pittsburg: Boxwood Press, 1960); Arms and Insecurity, (Pittsburg: Boxwood Press, 1960).

Wallace Michael , op cit, note 1.

Arendt Hannah , On Violence (New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc, 1969).

Keohane Robert O. Nye Joseph S. , Power and Interdependence: World Politics in Transition (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1977).

Jacobson Harold K. , Networks of Interdependence: International Organizations and the Global Political System, second edition (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1984).

Mead Margaret , “Warfare is only an Invention—Not a Biological Necessity,” Asia, Vol. 40, No. 8, August 1940, pp. 402–405.

Stephenson Carolyn (editor), Alternative Methods for International Security (Washington, DC: University Press of America, 1982).

For a fuller explanation of the work of ExPro, see the ExPro Papers by George Rathjens, “First Thoughts about Problems Facing ExPro,” ExPro Paper #5; and by Carolyn Stephenson, “A Research Agenda on the Conditions of Peace,” #7, both available from ExPro, c/o Sociology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02167, USA.

Information on the workshops and workshop leaders can be obtained by writing to Futures Invention Associates, 2026 Hudson St., Denver, CO 80207, USA.

Wein Barbara J. (editor), Peace and World Order Studies: Curriculum Guide, fourth edition (New York: World Policy Institute, 1984).

For a more thorough review of the institutional development of peace research and education, see Carolyn Stephenson, “Plenary Address to the First Joint Meeting of the Australian Peace Studies and Research Association and Australian Association of Peace Justice and Development Education (Sydney, August 1986), forthcoming shortly as part of a book by the Australian Peace Research Centre.

Op cit, note 21.

Sharp Gene , Making Europe Unconquerable: The Potential of Civilian-based Deterrence and Defense (Cambridge, MA: Bellinger Publishing Company, 1985).

Op cit, note 27, p. xvii.

Conser Walter H. McCarthy Ronald M. Toscano David J. Sharp Gene (editors), Resistance, Politics, and the American Struggle for Independence (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1987).

Alternative Defence Commission, Defence Without the Bomb (London: Taylor & Francis Ltd, 1983).

Alternative Defence Commission, The Politics of Alternative Defence: A Role for a Non-nuclear Britain (London: Paladin, 1987).

Galtung Johan , There Are Alternatives!: Four Roads to Peace and Security (Nottingham: Spokesman, 1984).

Fischer Dietrich , Presenting War in the Nuclear Age Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Allanheld, 1984); Jan Oberg, Wilhelm Nolte and Dietrich Fischer, Frieden gewinnen (Fribourg: Dreisam Verlag, 1987.).

Schmid Alex P. , Social Defence and Soviet Military Power: An Inquiry into the Relevance of an Alternative Defence Concept (Leiden: Center for the Study of Social Conflict, 1985).

Burton John , Resolving Deep Rooted Conflict: A Handbook (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987).

Kelman Herbert , “The Problem-Solving Workshop in Conflict Resolution,”. Merritt Richard (editor), Communications and International Politics (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1972).

Op cit, note 21.

Pruitt Dean G. Rubin Jeffery Z. , Social Conflict: Escalation, Stalemate, and Settlement (New York: Random House, 1986).

Kriesberg Louis , Social Conflicts, second edition (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1982).

Frei Daniel , Evolving a Conceptual Framework of Intersystems Relations: Elements for a Common Theoretical Approach to Cooperative Transactions in East-West Relationships, UNITAR Research Report No. 25 (New York: United Nations Institute for Training and Research, 1980); Daniel Frei (editor), International Crises and Crisis Management: An East-West Symposium (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1978); and Daniel Frei, Managing International Crises (Beverley Hills: Sage Publications, 1981).

Habeeb Wm. Mark Zartman I. William , The Panama Canal Negotiations, FPI Case Studies, No. 1 (Washington, DC: The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Institute, 1986).

Pearson Charles Johnson Nils , The New GATT Trade Round, FPI Case Studies, No. 2 (Washington, DC: The Johns Hopkins Foreign Policy Insitute, 1986).

Zartman I. William Berman Maureen R. , The Practical Negotiator (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1982).

Fisher Roger Ury William , Getting to Yes: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In (New York: Penguin, 1981).

Touval Saadia , The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948–1979 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982); and Saadia Touval and I. William Zartman (editors), International Mediation in Theory and Practice, SAIS Papers in International Affairs, No. 6 (Boulder: Westview Press, 1985).

Sick Gary “The Partial Negotiation: Algeria and the U.S. Hostages in Iran,” in Touval Zartman (editors), (note 45), pp. 21–66.

Bercovitch Jacob , “A Case Study of Mediation as a Method of International Conflict Resolution: the Camp David Experience,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, January 1986, pp. 43–65.

Sawyer J. Guetzkow H. , “Bargaining and Negotiation in International Relations,” in Kalman Herbert (editor), International Behavior (NY: Holt, Rinehart, Winston: 1965), pp. 466–520; Dan Druckman, “Human Factors” in International Negotiations (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1973).

Mitchell C. R. , “Conflict Management in the Commonwealth,” in Groom A. J. R. Taylor Paul (editors), The Commonwealth in the 1980s: Challenges and Opportunities (London: The Macmillan Press Ltd, 1984) pp. 225–243; C. R. Mitchell, “Grit and Gradualism—25 Years On,” in International Interactions, Vol. 13, No. 1, 1986, pp. 59–90; and C. R. Mitchell, Peacemaking and the Consultant's Role (New York: Nichols Publishing Co, 1981).

Bercovitch Jacob , Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies of Conflict Resolution (Boulder: Westview Press, 1984).

Wehr Paul , Conflict Regulation (Boulder: Westview Press, 1979).

Rubin Jeffery Z. (editor), Dynamics of Third Party Intervention: Kissinger in the Middle East (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1981).

Graham Kennedy , “New Zealand's Non-Nuclear Policy: Towards a Global Security,” in Alternatives, Vol. XII, No. 2, April 1987, pp. 217–242.