The German word “Umwelt” is used for both “ecology” and “environment”. But the two English words had better be used to mean two slightly different things.
2.
Quoted in: KempfUdo, Bürgerinitiativen — neue Formen politischer Beteiligung, Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (Bonn, 1974), p.10 (emphasis added).
3.
GuggenbergerBernd, Bürgerinitiativen in der Parteindemokratie, Kohlhammer (Stuttgart, 1980), p. 18–19 (emphasis added).
4.
Der Spiegel, No. 48, 1972, cover page.
5.
Quoted in: RothRoland, ‘Notizen zur politischen Geschichte der Bürgerinitiativen in der Bundesrepublik’, in: RothRoland (ed.), Parlamentarisches Ritual und politische Alternativen, Campus (Frankfurt a.M., 1980), p.74 (emphasis added).
6.
Quoted in: EbertTheodor, ‘Von den Bürgerinitiativen zur Okologiebewegung’, in: Vorgänge—27, No. 31977, p.64.
7.
The Grand Coalition was formed in December 1966. The two major parties were now in government. The little FDP was relegated to insignificance. As a result, the Bundestag was practically without any opposition. The Grand Coalition was necessary for taking the various measures to overcome the economic crisis. It broke up when this task was done, in 1969. But before it broke up, it fulfilled another purpose. It passed in 1968 the Emergency Laws that provided for the restriction of democratic rights in an emergency. The extra-parliamentary opposition consisted of the Peace Movement, the movement against the Emergency Laws and the Students Movement.
8.
Claus Offe, ‘Bürgerinitiativen und Reproduktion de Arbeitskraft im Spätkapitalismus’, in: OffeClaus, Strukturprobleme des kapitalistischen Staates (Frankfurt, 1972), partly quoted in: Kempf (Note 2), p.25.
9.
Ernst Forsthoff, quoted in: Mayer-TaschP.C., Die Bürgerinitiativbewegung, Rowohlt (Reinbek, 1976), p.36.
10.
The Springer Corporation has a dominant position in the newspaper market in the FRG. It owns several newspapers, including the Bild-Zeitung, the boulevard paper with the largest circulation. It is notorious for its reactionary smear campaigns against leftists, progressives and the Greens.
11.
This is the term the East European countries use to characterize their system. Implied in the use of this term is the admission that they have not yet reached their ideal socialism.
12.
“People's party” means a party that does not see itself as the party of a particular class, but as a party that represents the interests of the whole people and harmonizes conflicting interests of the various sections of the population.
13.
Quoted in: von FreybergJutta, Geschichte der deutschen Sozialdemokratie 1863–1975, Pahl Rugenstein (Köln, 1977), p.410.
14.
Quoted in: Roth (Note 5), p.90.
15.
The expression comes from the selfish prayer: “Holy St. Florian, spare my house, set the other on fire!”.
16.
Guggenberger (Note 3), p.24.
17.
RuchtDieter, ‘Die Bürgerinitiativbewegung—Entwicklungsdynamik, politisch-ideologisches Spektrum und Bedeutung für die politische Kultur’, in: GrottianPeterNellesWilfried (eds), Großstadt und neue soziale Bewegungen, Birkhäuser (Basel, Boston, Stuttgart, 1983); p. 59.
18.
HeinemannGustav: ‘Ansprache bei der Verleihung des Theodor-Heuss-Preises am 11.2.1973’, in: Gewaltfreie Aktion, No. 151973, reproduced partly in: Kempf (Note 2), p.89.
GronemeyerReimer, Integration durch Partizipation, Fischer (Frankfurt a.M., 1973), p.156.
23.
All empirical data in this paper, except those for which other references are given, are from: (a) Fred Karl, Die Bürgerinitiativen—soziale und politische Aspekte einer neuen sozialen Bewegung, IMSF (Frankfurt a.M., 1981); and (b) Guggenberger (Note 3).
24.
HirschJoachim, Der Sicherheitsstaat, Europäische Verlagsanstalt (Frankfurt a.M., 1980), p.16.
FilbingerH.K., Chief Minister of Baden-Württemberg, in: Der Spiegel, No. 121977, quoted in: Strom (Note 26), p.13.
31.
GladitzNina (ed.), Lieber heute aktiv als morgen radioaktiv, Wagenbach (Berlin, 1976), p.170.
32.
Ibid.
33.
Der Spiegel, Hamburg, No. 401976, p.62.
34.
Accounts of some of these struggles are in my study (unpublished) of the new social movements in West Germany.
35.
Der Spiegel, Hamburg, No. 231979, p. 65.
36.
BINA, BISA, Nippeser Baggerwehr, Kölner Volksblatt: Bürgerinitiativen Informieren, May 1977.
37.
The word “Betroffene” plays an important role in the movement. It means people who are directly affected as well as people who are concerned. One basic demand of the new social movements is that it is the “Betroffene” who should take the decisions on particular projects and measures.
38.
“Sternmarsch” means a demonstration in which several processions from various places converge at an appointed time at a particular place. A bird's-eye view of the demonstration would resemble a star.
39.
Gladitz (Note 31), p.133.
40.
RuchtDieter, Von Wyhl nach Gorleben, C.H. Beck (Munich, 1980), p.88.
41.
WolfW.GlesisTh., Der Atomverein nach Harrisburg, ISP (Frankfurt a.M., 1980), p.169.
42.
MezLutzWilkeManfred, Der Atomfilz, Olle and Wolter (Berlin, 1978), p.145.
43.
Quoted in: OsnowskyRainer, ‘Der Betroffenheitsansatz innerhalb der neuen sozialen Bewegungen …’ (unpublished dissertation), Cologne, 1983, p. 46.
44.
AustStefan, Brokdorf—Symbol einer politischen Wende, Hoffmann und Campe (Hamburg, 1981), p.26.
45.
A report in the magazine Stern, quoted in: Aust (Note 44), pp.29–30.
46.
Aust (Note 44), p.30.
47.
This demonstration caused a temporary split in the movement. About half of the ANE Movement were not agreeable to holding the demonstration in Itzehoe; they wanted to hold it at Brokdorf, near the construction site. But the other half feared that a demonstration near the construction site would again end in a violent clash with the police. No compromise could be reached. Finally, two equally large demonstrations (30,000 people in each) were held—one at Brokdorf and the other at Itzehoe. The militants and the leftists accused the SPD people of trying to integrate, neutralize and split the movement.
48.
Der Spiegel, 14.2.1977, quoted in: HallerbachJörg, ‘Die Macher und die Eingemachten …’, in: HallerbachJörg (ed.), Die eigentliche Kernspaltung, Luchterhand (Darmstadt/Neuwied, 1978), p.66.
49.
RennO., ‘Die Einstellung der Bevölkerung zur Kernenergie’ (unpublished thesis), Cologne 1976, quoted in: Hallerbach (Note 48), p.66.
50.
RöglinH.Ch., ‘Sozialpsychologische aspekte der Kernenergie’, in: Atomwirtschaft—Atomtechnik (ATW), No. 1, 1977, p. 20, quoted in: Hallerbach (Note 48), p.41.
51.
Frankfurter Rundschau, 19.9.1979.
52.
Guggenberger (Note 3), p.28.
53.
Ibid.
54.
Mez/Wilke (Note 42), p.139.
55.
Aust (Note 44), p.37.
56.
Only this Bengali expression occurs to me for characterizing this settlement. It describes a situation in which a problem is not really solved, but a fake solution is fudged up in order to sweep it under the carpet.
57.
Rucht (Note 17), p.79. Schmidt was at that time the Federal Chancellor and a strong supporter of nuclear energy; Eppler was a senior leader and opponent of nuclear energy.
58.
Walter Scheel, quoted in: LohrengelFalk, ‘Initiativgruppen in der Bundesrepublik’, in Österreich und der Schweiz, Droemer Knaur (Munich, Zurich, 1980), p.7.
59.
Aust (Note 44), p.185.
60.
TraubeKlaus, Müssen wir umschalten?—Von der politischen Grenzen der Technik, Rowohlt (Reinbek, 1978), pp.284–285.
61.
UllrichOtto, Weltniveau—in der Sackgasse des Industriesystems, Rotbuch (Berlin, 1979), pp. 69, 101 and 102.
62.
JungkRobert, Der Atom Staat, Kindler (Munich, 1977), p.X.
63.
Strom (Note 26), pp.856–915.
64.
GründlerG.E., ‘… der Tatort’, in: Der Stern, No. 12, 1977, p.23.
65.
Ullrich (Note 61), pp.21 and 102 (emphasis added).
66.
Runway West is the name of the latest runway of the Frankfurt airport. Its construction required the destruction of 350 hectares of forest. The people of the surrounding villages and towns tried to prevent it in a bitter struggle, but in vain.
67.
GrünenDie, Bundesprogramm (Bonn, 1980), p.4.
68.
GrünenDie, Sinnvoll arbeiten—solidarisch leben (Bonn, 1983), p.3.
69.
Ibid, p.5.
70.
BBU, Forderungskatalog für ein Ökokonzept in der BRD (Bonn, 1979), p.4.
71.
Ibid.
72.
Ibid., p.5.
73.
BosselHartmut, Bürgerinitiativen entwerfen die Zukunft, Fischer (Frankfurt a.M., 1978), p.109.
74.
Die Grünen (Note 67), p.20.
75.
Ibid.
76.
Bossel (Note 73), p.158.
77.
Die Grünen (Note 68), p.6.
78.
Ibid., p.21.
79.
BBU (Note 70), p.6.
80.
Die Grünen (Note 68), p.6.
81.
Die Grünen (Note 67), p.4.
82.
BBU (Note 70), p.6.
83.
Die Grünen (Note 68), p.7.
84.
Guggenberger (Note 3), p.16.
85.
Ibid.
86.
See SarkarSaral, ‘Citizens' Initiative for Peace’, Economic and Political Weekly, 1.8. 1981.
87.
Reimer (of Atom Express) in a conversation, Atom Express/MOZ—ein Gespräch, in: Atom Express, No. 33, March–April, 1983, p.27.
88.
BBU (Note 70), p.26.
89.
KellyPetra K., ‘Wie sich die Ökologiebewegung zur Friedensbewegung erweiterte’, in: KellyPetra K.LeinenJo (eds), Prinzip Leben—Ökopax, die neue Kraft, Olle & Wolter (Berlin, 1982), p.5.
90.
MüllerHarald, quoted in: Kelly (Note 89), p.9.
91.
Kelly (Note 89), p.12.
92.
“Öko” is from the word “Ökologie” (ecology) and “pax” is Latin for peace.
93.
Meaning that there would be no offensive weapons at all, but enough effective defensive weapons to defeat any attacking army. The idea is to dispel the enemy's fears by the assurance that there are no aggressive intentions.
94.
Meaning that there would be neither weapons nor an army. Should an attack still occur, the enemy would be allowed to occupy the country, but the whole population would resort to passive resistance to and total non-cooperation with the enemy, and thus eventually force the invader to withdraw.
95.
‘Nein zu Atomaraketen—Ja zur Plutoniumwirtschaft?; Ein offener Brief an die Friedensbewegung’, resolution passed at the Atomic Wastes Conference (Atommüllkonferenz) held on 3–4 December 1983, in Amberg and distributed as a leaflet.
96.
Motion of the federal executive committee of the Green Party at the federal congress of the party held in Hamburg on 7 December 1984, in materials for delegates.
97.
SuhrHeinz, ‘Andere Realitäten schaffen’, letter to the editors, Die Tageszeitung, 5.12.1984.
98.
Both quotations taken from Die Tageszeitung, 27.11.1984.
99.
Both quotations from BräuerRolf; “… und die Minderheit”, in: LukasBarbara (eds), Krefeld am 25.6.83—eine Dokumentation, Hamburger Satz- und Verlags-Kooperative (Hamburg, 1983), p.25.
100.
Interview with Jo Leinen, in: ‘Atom Express’ et al. (eds), Vertrauen schaffen—innere Sicherheit und Friedensbewegung (self-publication, Göttingen, 1984), p.20.
