Research about Palestinians in Israel during the period of military rule from 1948 to 1966 describes them as acquiescent and primarily focuses on the mechanisms of control imposed by Israel. This article examines the role played by improvised sung poetry in Palestinian weddings and social gatherings during this period, and it assesses the contribution that this situated art form made to asserting this community’s agency. Ḥaddā’ (male) and Badāaʿa (female) poet-singers are considered as agents of cultural resilience, songs as tools and weddings as sites of resilience and resistance for Palestinians who lived under Israeli military rule. Folk poetry performed by Ḥaddā’ and Badāaʿa is identified as a form of cultural resilience and resistance rooted in Palestinians’ cultural heritage. The data signal the persistence of resilience, dignity and rootedness in the land and identity, as well as demonstrating the risks of such resilience and of resistance actions.
AttaliJ. (1986). Noise: The political economy of music. Manchester University Press.
2.
AydinD. (2014). Mobilising the kurds in Turkey: Newroz as a myth. In GunesC.ZaydanliogluW. (Eds.), The Kurdish question in Turkey: New perspectives on violence, representation and reconciliation. Routledge.
3.
BaazM.LiljaM.SchulzM.VinthagenS. (2017). Defining and analyzing resistance: Possible entrances to the study of subversive practices. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 41(3), 137-153.
4.
BergC.SchultzM. (2013). Hamas’s musical resistance practice: Perceptions, production and usage. In KanaanehM.ThorsénS.BurshehH.McDonaldD. (Eds.), Palestinian music and song: Expression and resistance since 1900 (pp. 141-155). Indiana University Press.
5.
CarawanG.CarawanC.Comp) (1990). Sing for freedom: The story of the civil rights movement through its songs. New South Books.
6.
CohenH. (2010). Good Arabs: The Israeli security agencies and the Israeli Arabs, 1948–1967. University of California Press.
7.
DallashehL. (2010). Political mobilization of palestinians in Israel: The al-’Ard movement. In KanaanehR. A.NussairI. (Eds), Displaced at home: Ethnicity and gender among Palestinians in Israel (pp. 21-38). University of New York Press.
8.
DallashehL. (2015). Troubled waters: Citizenship and colonial Zionism in Nazareth. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 47(3), 467-487.
9.
DarweishM.RigbyA. (2015). Popular protest in palestine: The history and uncertain future of unarmed resistance. Pluto Press.
10.
DarweishM.SellickP. (2017). Everyday resistance among palestinians living in Israel 1948–1966. Journal of Political Power, 10(3), 353-370.
11.
ElmessiriA. (1982). The Palestinian wedding: A bilingual anthology of contemporary palestinian resistance poetry. Three Continents Press.
12.
FoucaultM. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977. Pantheon Books.
13.
FuraniK. (2013). Dangerous weddings: Palestinian poetry festivals during Israel’s first military rule. The Arab Studies Journal, 21(1), 79-100.
14.
GhanemA.MuhanadM. (2009). Al falasṭyniyon fi israyl: Siyasat alaqalih alalslyah fi aldawlh alathniyah, [the Palestinians in Israel: The politics of the indigenous minority in the ethnic state]. Palestinian Forum for Israeli Studies.
15.
GramsciA. (2001). Selection from the prison notebooks of antonio gramsci. In HoareQ.Nowell-SmithG. (Eds.), Selections from notebooks of antonio gramsci (pp. 131-147). Electric Book Co.
16.
HaugaardM. (2020). The faces of power, resistance and justification in a changing world. Journal of Political Power, 13(1), 1-5.
17.
HoffmanA. (2009). My happiness bears no relation to happiness: A poet’s life in the Palestinian century. Yale University Press.
18.
HollanderJ. A.EinwohnerR. L. (2004). Conceptualizing resistance. Sociological Forum, 19(4), 533-554.
19.
JohanssonA.VinthagenS. (2015). Dimensions of everyday resistance: The palestinian Ṣumūd. Journal of Political Power, 8(1), 109-139.
20.
JovanovícJ. (2005). The power of recently revitalised Serbian rural folk music in urban settings. In RandallA. J. (Ed.), Music, power and politics (pp. 133-142). Routledge.
21.
KanaanehM. (2013). Do Palestinian musicians play music or politics? In KanaanehM.ThorsénS.BurshehH.McDonaldD. (Eds.), Palestinian music and song: Expression and resistance since 1900 (pp. 1-11). Indiana University Press.
22.
KaschlE. (2003). Dance and authenticity in Israel and Palestine: Performing the nation. Brill.
23.
Labour Party Archives (1959-1964). The Relationship of Israeli Arabs to the military rule [htyhsṿt arbyy Yisrael alhamymshal htsvay]. Mosha Sharat Centre.File number 2-926-1957-134.
24.
MartinielloM.LafleurJ.-M. (2008). Ethnic minorities’ cultural and artistic practices as form of political expression. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 34(8), 1191-1215.
25.
MassadJ. (2003). Liberating songs: Palestine put to music. Journal of Palestine Studies, 32(3), 21-38.
26.
MatternM (1998). Acting in concert: Music, community and political action. Rutgers University Press.
27.
McDonaldD. (2013). My voice is my weapon: Music, nationalism and the protest of palestinian resistance. Duke University Press.
28.
McLaughlinS. (2006). Metaphors of the Holy Land: Palestinian children re-conceptualise paradise. Journal of Intercultural Studies, 27(4), 435-445.
29.
NasasraM. (2017). The Naqab Bedouins: A century of politics and resistance. Columbia University Press.
30.
NassarM. (2010). The marginal as central: Al-Jadid and the development of a palestinian public sphere, 1953–1970. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 3(3), 333-351.
31.
NassarM. (2017). Brothers apart: Palestinian citizens of Israel and the Arab world. Stanford University Press.
32.
NassarM. (2018). ‘My struggle embraces every struggle’: Palestinians in Israel and solidarity with Afro-Asian liberation movements. Arab Studies Journal, 22(1), 74-101.
33.
PappéI (2011). The forgotten Palestinians: A history of the Palestinians in Israel. Yale University Press.
34.
RichmondO. P.MitchellA. (2011). Peacebuilding and critical forms of agency: From resistance to subsistence. Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, 36(4), 326-344.
35.
Richter-DevroeS. (2011). Palestinian women’s everyday resistance: Between normality and normalisation. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 12(2), 32-46.
36.
RobertsonC. (1998). Singing to be normal. In PettanS. (Ed.), Music, politics and war: Views from Croatia. Institute of Ethnology and Folklore Research.
37.
RobertsonC. (2014). Singing to be normal: Tracing the behavioural influence of music in conflict transformation”. PhD diss. University of Exeter.
38.
RobinsonS. (2013). Citizen strangers: Palestinians and the birth of Israel’s liberal settler state. Stanford University Press.
39.
RohrbachA. (2018). (Re-)enacting stories of trauma: Playback theatre as a tool of cultural resistance in palestine. Middle East – Topics & Arguments, 11, 79-88.
40.
RouhanaN.GhanemA. (1998). The crisis of minorities in ethnic states: The case of palestinian citizens in Israel. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 30(3), 321-346.
41.
RoweN. (2011). Dance and political credibility: The appropriation of Dabkeh by Zionism, Pan-Arabism, and Palestinian nationalism. Middle East Journal, 65(3), 363-380.
42.
Sa’diA. (1996). Minority resistance to state control: Towards a re-analysis of palestinian political activity in Israel. Social Identities: Journal for the Study of Race, Nation and Culture, 2(3), 369-392.
43.
Sa’diA. (2014). Thorough surveillance: The genesis of Israeli policies of population management, surveillance and political control towards the Palestinian minority. Manchester University Press.
SbaitA. (1976b). Ghurbh fy al Watan[Foreignness in my homeland] (2nd ed.). Dal Al Sharq Publisher.
47.
SbaitD. (1989). Palestinian improvised-sung poetry: The genres of Hida and Qarradi – performance and transmission. Oral Tradition, 4(1-2), 213-235.
48.
SbaitḌ. (1993). Debate in the improvised-sung poetry of the Palestinians. Asian Folklore Studies, 52(1), 93-117.
49.
ScottJ. (1987). Weapons of the weak: Everyday forms of peasant resistance. Yale University Press.
50.
SellickP. (2019). From nonviolent practice toward a theory of political power. Journal of Political Power, 13(1), 41-59.
51.
SémelinJ. (2010). Resisting genocide: The different forms of rescue. Colombia University Press.
52.
SmallC. (1988). Musicking: The meanings of performing and listening. Wesleyan University Press.
53.
SolimanM. (2019). Mobilisation and demobilisation of the Palestinian society towards unarmed popular resistance 2004–2014,” unpublished PhD diss. Coventry University.
54.
TarakiL. (1990). The development of political consciousness among Palestinians in the occupied territories. In NassarJ.HeacockR. (Eds.), Intifada: Palestine at the crossroads (pp. 53-71). Praeger.
55.
ThorsénS-M. (2013). Palestinian music: between artistry and political resistance. In KanaanehM.ThorsénS.BurshehH.McDonaldD. (Eds.), Palestinian music and song: Expression and resistance since 1900 (pp. 156-174). Indiana University Press.
56.
Van TeeffelenT. (2018). Ṣumūd revisited. Celebrating nonviolence conference in bethlehem. Retrieved from. http://www.palestine-family.net
57.
YaqubN. (2007). Pens, swords, and the springs of art: The oral poetry duelling of palestinian weddings in the galilee. Brill Leiden.
58.
YounisF. (2001). Min alaghany alnisayh Alsshaʾbyh waqawl alsit Badriyya [popular women’s folk songs and songs by Badriyya Younis](n.p.)
59.
YounisF. (n.d.). Popular women’s songs and songs by Badriyya Younis. [CD]
