In the production of steel wire rod, the recovery of deformability after hot rolling is a well-known phenomenon related to hydrogen diffusion. High carbon steels are strongly affected by this issue, as reported in technical literature. However, there is a lack of information regarding medium to low carbon steels. This work investigated the influence of the chemical composition, of the rolling process, and of the Stelmor cooling strategy on the recovery of deformability of six steel. The recovery process was linked to the percentage of pearlite through an exponential equation, and the maximum observed recovery was 80%. Scanning electron microscopy was used to characterise the evolution of the mechanical behaviour of the material by observing the fracture surfaces of the tensile specimen. Furthermore, the recovery of deformability was linked to hydrogen diffusion using the finite differences method to approximate Fick's second law.
RivoltaBGerosaRSalaC, et al.Influence of prior microstructure on the mechanical and microstructural properties of C–Mn–B steel after spheroidizing annealing. Ironmak Steelmak2021; 48: 1013–1021.
2.
RonevichJASpeerJGMatlockDK. Hydrogen embrittlement of commercially produced advanced high strength steels. SAE Int J Mater Manuf2010; 3: 255–267.
3.
LiuQAtrensA. A critical review of the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of medium-strength steels. Corros Rev2013; 31: 85–103.
4.
OrianiRA. Hydrogen embrittlement of steels. Ann Rev Mater Sci1978; 8: 327–357.
5.
HirthJ. Effects of hydrogen on the properties of iron and steel. Metall Trans A1980; 11: 861–890.
6.
BernsteinI. The role of hydrogen in the embrittlement of iron and steel. Mater Sci Eng1970; 6: 1–19.
7.
BhadeshiaHKDH. Prevention of hydrogen embrittlement in steels. ISIJ Int2016; 56: 24–36.
8.
SunZMoriconiCBenoitG, et al.Fatigue crack growth under high pressure of gaseous hydrogen in a 15-5PH martensitic stainless steel: influence of pressure and loading frequency. Metall Mater Trans A2013; 44A: 1320–1330.
9.
MarchettiLHermsELaghoutarisP,et al.Hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of tempered 9%Cr–1%Mo steel. Int J Hydrogen Energy2011; 36: 15880–15887.
10.
RivoltaBGerosaRPanzeriD, et al.Reverse aging of pearlitic carbon steel wire rod. Ironmak Steelmaking2023; 50: 630–636.
11.
FabbroCCimolinoM. High carbon grades for wire rod lines the core of Danieli technology. In: 51° Seminário de Laminação – Processos e Produtos Laminados e Revestidos – Internacional; 2014, Foz do Iguaçu - Brasil, pp.3161–3163. ISSN: 2594-5297.
12.
Carneiro FilhoCJMansurMBModenesiPJ, et al.The effect of hydrogen release at room temperature on the ductility of steel wire rods for pre-stressed concrete. Mater Sci Eng A2010; 527: 4947–4952.
13.
ChandaT. Reverse ageing in hot-rolled high-carbon steel wire rod. J Mater Sci2010; 45: 6068–6074.
14.
BaoJZhaoJNingB, et al.Study on the aging regularity of SWRH82B hot-rolling wire rod. Adv Mater Res2012; 588-589: 1709–1713.
15.
BS ISO 10263-2:2017. Steel rod, bars and wire for cold heading and cold extrusion - Part 2: technical delivery conditions for steels not intended for heat treatment after cold working.
16.
ChanSLICharlesJA. Effect of carbon content on hydrogen occlusivity and embrittlement of ferrite–pearlite steels. Mater Sci Technol1986; 2: 956–962.
17.
DepoverTLaureysAPérez EscobarD, et al.Understanding the interaction between a steel microstructure and hydrogen. Materials (Basel)2018; 11: 98.
18.
MirzoevAAVerkhovykhAVOkishevKY, et al.Hydrogen interaction with ferrite/cementite interface: ab initio calculations and thermodynamics. Mol Phys2018; 116: 482–490.
19.
HagiH. Effect of interface between cementite and ferrite on diffusion of hydrogen in carbon steels. Mater Trans JIM1994; 35: 168–173.
20.
HongGWLeeJY. The interaction of hydrogen and the cementite-ferrite interface in carbon steel. J Mater Sci1983; 18: 271–277.
21.
OrianiRA. The diffusion and trapping of hydrogen in steel. Acta Metall1970; 18: 147–157.
22.
LuuWCWuJK. The influence of microstructure on hydrogen transport in carbon steels. Corros Sci1996; 38: 239–245.
23.
Pérez EscobarDVerbekenKDuprezL, et al.Evaluation of hydrogen trapping in high strength steels by thermal desorption spectroscopy. Mater Sci Eng A2012; 551: 50–58.
24.
Pérez EscobarDDepoverTWallaertE, et al.Thermal desorption spectroscopy study of the interaction between hydrogen and different microstructural constituents in lab cast Fe-C alloys. Corros Sci2012; 65: 199–208.
25.
PressouyreGM. Role of trapping on hydrogen transport and embrittlement. PhD Thesis, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh (PA), USA, 1977.
26.
ChooWYLeeJY. Thermal analysis of trapped hydrogen in pure iron. Metall Trans A1982; 13A: 135–140.
27.
ChooWYLeeJYChoCG, et al.Hydrogen solubility in pure iron and effects of alloying elements on the solubility in the temperature range 20 to 500° C. J Mater Sci1981; 16: 1285–1292.
28.
WeiFGTsuzakiK. Hydrogen trapping phenomena in martensitic steels. Gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of materials in energy technologies: the problem, its characterisation and effects on particular alloy classes. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2012, Vol. 2, pp. 493–525.
29.
JengHWChiuLHJohnsonDL, et al.Effect of pearlite morphology on hydrogen permeation, diffusion, and solubility in carbon steels. Metall Trans A1990; 21: 3257–3259.
30.
RudomilovaDProšekTSalvetrP, et al.The effect of microstructure on hydrogen permeability of high strength steels. Mater. Corros2020; 71: 909–917.
31.
KorenEYamabeJLuX, et al.Hydrogen diffusivity in X65 pipeline steel: desorption and permeation studies. Int J Hydrogen Energy2024; 61: 1157–1169.
32.
LiuMARivera-Díaz-del-CastilloPEJBarraza-FierroJI, et al.Microstructural influence on hydrogen permeation and trapping in steels. Mater Des2019; 167: 107605.
33.
ImdadAZafraAArniellaV,et al.Hydrogen diffusivity in different microstructures of 42CrMo4 steel. Hydrogen2021; 2: 414–427.
34.
ISO 6892-1:2019. Metallic materials – tensile testing – part 1: method of test at room temperature. International Organization for Standardization.
35.
KhajuriaAMisraAShivaS. On the heat-affected zone role for mechanical properties of structural-steel MIG and CMT–MIG weldments. Trans Indian Inst Met2024; 77: 3905–3913.
36.
WangZLiuJHuangF, et al.Hydrogen diffusion and its effect on hydrogen embrittlement in DP steels with different martensite content. Front Mater1 2020; 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmats.2020.620000
37.
ZafraAHarrisZKorecE,et al.On the relative efficacy of electropermeation and isothermal desorption approaches for measuring hydrogen diffusivity. Int J Hydrogen Energy2023; 48: 1218–1233.
38.
BolzoniFFallahmohammadiEReG,et al.Electrochemical investigation of hydrogen diffusion in pipeline steels. NACE Corr; 2013. NACE-2013-2792.
