Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Introduction:

The objective of the study was to assess the rate of canine retraction and secondary outcomes associated with conventional fixed orthodontic treatment (CFO) and CFO with micro-osteoperforation (CFO + MOP), that is, anchorage loss, root resorption, vitality of tooth, pain and discomfort level during the procedure.

Methods:

A total of 16 patients with Class II Division 1 malocclusion who required upper first premolar extraction with lower non-extraction/single incisor extraction were divided into the test group (MOP) and positive control group (CFO + MOP) for a split-mouth study. Both maxillary canines were retracted with nickel–titanium (NiTi) closed coil springs. Patients were reviewed after 24 hours, 7 days, 28 days, and 4, 8, and 16 weeks to assess the rate of tooth movement, anchorage loss, root resorption, vitality of tooth, pain and discomfort level.

Results:

There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of tooth movement between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups after the first 4 weeks (P-value = .026), whereas no statistically significant difference was observed at 8, 12, and 16 weeks (P-value = .33, .99, and .08, respectively). In the CFO group, there was no statistically significant difference in tooth movement between different time intervals (P-value > .05). There was no significant difference in root resorption between the groups. The pain level was higher in the MOP group in the first 24 hours (P-value < .05) after the procedure. Later on, the difference in pain level between the groups was not significant (P-value > .05). The vitality of retracted canines in both groups was healthy.

Conclusion:

The study recommends that the CFO + MOP procedure has substantial potential to be used as an adjunct to the routine mechanotherapy for faster tooth movement, as it may reduce the treatment time by half in the first 4 weeks after the MOP procedure. There are no potential differences in anchorage loss, tipping, vitality, and apical and lateral root resorption between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups. This trial was registered at Clinical Trial Registry, India.

Keywords

Micro-osteoperforation (MOPs)conventional frictional mechanics anchorage loss root resorption VAS vitality test

Introduction

A common problem associated with adults during orthodontic treatment is the prolonged treatment time.¹ In recent times, significant changes have been witnessed in the mechanotherapy and appliance system.

The standard orthodontic treatment period is usually up to 20 to 24 months.^{2, 3} Various innovations have been made in recent years to create different approaches to reduce the treatment time without compromising the treatment result.^{1, 4, 5} They can be broadly classified into biological, device-assisted, and surgical approaches. Biological and device-assisted approaches have been experimented with using animals, and further studies are being done to achieve better results in humans.^{4, 5} Surgical approaches induce a localized inflammatory response, which encourages local recruitment and stimulation of osteoclasts that enhance remodeling.^{6, 7} They have shown better results with regard to decreased treatment time.^8-12

Micro-osteoperforation (MOP) is considered the least invasive surgical technique to reduce the duration of conventional fixed orthodontic treatment (CFO). It involves multiple transmucosal perforations within the alveolar bone, placed close to the region of desired tooth movement, with a specific configuration depending on the tooth movement required.

Studies by Alikhani et al,¹³ Khan et al,¹⁴ and Feizbakhsha et al¹⁵ were of the opinion that the rate of tooth movement associated with MOP increased by 2 to 3 times, and significant results were also noted¹⁶ when MOP was compared with the conventional method. Contradictory to the above studies, the current article suggests a lack of conclusive evidence regarding the effectiveness of MOP in increasing the rate of tooth movement.^{17, 18} This may be due to the limited study duration or the impact of tipping as a part of the treatment.^19-21 Hence, newer studies are required to understand the clinical effectiveness of MOP.^{22, 23}

The present study investigated the effect of MOP during canine retraction with fixed orthodontic appliances. A randomized clinical control trial was performed, with a focus on canine retraction within the maxilla following the extraction of first premolar teeth, to assess the effect of MOP on the rate of tooth movement during canine retraction after 16 weeks, in comparison to that of the randomly allocated control group. The secondary outcomes expected were anchorage loss, root resorption, and canine tipping in both the MOP and control groups, which were evaluated before treatment, after 28 days, and after completion of canine retraction on both sides. The pain and discomfort level of the participants during the treatment period was also appraised as a secondary outcome.

Material and Methods

Trial Design

The study was a single-centered, split-mouth randomized control trial to investigate the effectiveness of (minimally invasive) MOP therapy on the rate and amount of orthodontic tooth movement and secondary outcomes.

Participants, Eligibility Criteria, and Settings

The sample comprised patients who were undergoing comprehensive fixed orthodontic treatment with premolar extraction. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria (Table 1) were randomly allocated to 1 of the 2 groups. The lottery method of the simple random sampling technique was followed after informed consent was obtained from all the study subjects.

On the one side was the test group (MOP), and on the other side was the positive control (CFO) group. A total of 16 subjects were included in the study, and overall 32 canine retractions were undertaken for assessment (16 for CFO + MOP and 16 for CFO).

Sample Size

A pilot study was done to determine the sample size of the 2 different groups of the study. The values obtained from each group were calculated and the effect size was obtained using G* power 3.1.9.2. Subsequently, we obtained a sample size of 13 per group. To avoid unexpected errors, outcomes and dropout, the size was rounded up to 16 per group.

The samples were split into 2 groups in which interventions were carried out (Figure 1):

Group 1: Among the patients in this group, the conventional method of CFO was used for canine retraction (frictional mechanics).

Group 2: Among the patients in this group, canine retraction was done with CFO + MOP.

Table 1.

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the Study

Inclusion Criteria	Exclusion Criteria
The age of subjects ranging from 16 to 23 years	History of long-term use of NSAIDs and corticosteroids, as these drugs interfere with the normal orthodontic tooth movement
Class II division 1 cases requiring maxillary first premolar extraction and mandibular incisor extraction	Severe skeletal class II malocclusion with increased overjet, high ANB angle, low beta angle, and high SN-Go-Gn
A healthy periodontium with no visible sign of periodontal breakdown	Any occlusal interference, skeletal crossbite, one-sided chewing, and presence of any parafunctional habit
No dilacerations of the canine root as assessed on pretreatment OPG
No history of systemic disease/medical problems that may interfere with the normal orthodontic tooth movement

Figure 1.

Note: CFO + MOP = Conventional fixed orthodontic treatment with micro-osteoperforation; and CFO = conventional fixed orthodontic treatment.

Interventions

Treatment was initiated using fixed preadjusted appliance (0.022-MBT prescription; 3M Unitek^TM Gemini, Monrovia, CA). The standardized bonding system was enforced as per the manufacturer’s information (Figure 2A). A transpalatal arch was placed to prevent unwanted movement of posterior teeth, and second premolars were passively ligated to enhance anchorage during canine retraction. All extractions of maxillary first premolars had been performed 6 months earlier in the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department by the same surgeon, to decrease the chances of unevenness.²⁴ After that, leveling and alignment were done, and the retraction of the canines was delayed until the wire sequence reached a wire size of 0.019 in × 0.025 in stainless steel. Checks for the presence of any occlusal hindrance were made at regular intervals, and if hindrance was present, the bite was raised with the use of Anabond Blu-Bite on the mandibular molars.²⁵

Before the procedure, the patients were asked to rinse their mouth with 15 mL of chlorhexidine oral solution for 30 s; the area was wiped with a wet gauge to remove excess saliva (Figure 2B). MOP was performed with the handheld orthodontic micro-implant appliance LH 1514-10 (Dentos AbsoAnchor® system) of the long-head (LH) type (with diameter 1.5 mm and length 10 mm) (Figure 2C).

Figure 2.

(A) Leveling and Alignment; (B) Part Preparation for MOPs Distal to Canine; (C) Orthodontic Microimplant (Dentos AbsoAnchor®system); (D) MOPs Application; (E) Three MOPs Visible Distal to the Canine

In the split-mouth design, on the test side (CFO + MOP), the procedure was programmed under local anesthesia (2% lidocaine, 1:100,000 epinephrine). Three small MOPs of 1.5 mm diameter and 3 to 5 mm depth, 5 mm away from the free gingival margin, were made on randomly selected experimental sites in the extraction space, and the depth confirmation was done by using a rubber stop (Figures 2D and 2E). No flap was raised, and no analgesics or antibiotics were prescribed, as all necessary sterilization protocols were followed during the procedure.

In the positive control side (CFO) and test side (CFO + MOP), canine retraction was initiated with nickel–titanium (NiTi) closed coil springs (3M Unitek; 9 mm) connected from the first molar to the hook of the canine bracket. A force of 150 g was delivered for the canine retraction and calibrated with a force gauge, that is, a dynamometer (Ortho Quest; Nexa Dental, La Vista, NE, USA). The patients were reviewed after 24 hours, 7 days, 28 days, and 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks to assess their oral hygiene, rate of tooth movement, anchorage loss, root resorption, vitality of tooth, pain and discomfort level (Figures 3A-3E).

Figure 3.

Source:

Figure 4.

Source: Haas and Cisneros²⁶ and Hoggan and Sadowsky²⁷.

Records and Data Collection

Determination of Rate of Canine Retraction and Anchorage Loss

The magnitudes of canine movement and posterior anchorage loss were acquired using 2 predetermined reference points as described by Haas and Cisneros²⁶ and Hoggan and Sadowsky²⁷ (Figure 4). Reference points and lines were drawn for the measurements to be performed on the study casts. Reference plane ‘R’ was formed by plotting tangents to the interdental contact point of the upper central incisor, which is also perpendicular to the lower border of the transparent grid. The perpendicular distances from the cusp tip of the upper canine and the mesiobuccal cusp tip of the upper first molars to the reference line were measured (Figure 4). Further, with the help of a transparent grid, the amount of canine and molar movement in the model analysis was calculated.

Determination of Root Resorption (Apical and Lateral) in Canine

The magnitude of root resorption was evaluated with periapical radiographs conducted on all patients, before and just after 16 weeks of canine retraction in both groups, with a standardized periapical X-ray machine and developer (INTRASKAN DC: ISDC, Skanray Technologies Pvt. Ltd, Made In India, Periomat Plus: Automatic intraoral periapical (IOPA) X-Ray Developer). The long-cone paralleling technique was used to obtain all IOPAs with Octa X-ray film positioner extension cone paralleling (XCP), and standardization was maintained by using a similar guideline for each X-ray before and after 16 weeks of canine retraction, as suggested by White and Pharoah.²⁸ An experienced periodontist evaluated all the periapical radiographs, and the Mann–Whitney test was performed on the data obtained, through using a scale described by Liou and Huang²⁹ (Table 2). The present study incorporated a single standardized method for the evaluation of root resorption.²⁹ A periapical X-ray was done just before premolar extraction and after the completion of canine retraction in all the patients. The X-rays were projected on a screen and magnified by 10 times, and qualitative assessment was done.

Determination of Pain and Discomfort Level and Vitality Test

Both pain intensity and discomfort were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) of 0 to 10 (Figure 5). Each patient was given a VAS scale chart to tick any number from 0 to 10 for the assessment of pain intensity and discomfort level immediately after the procedure, after 24 hours, and after 4 weeks. The patients were also asked for information on pain and discomfort level while eating, any pain that interrupted sleeping, and any discomfort and swelling on the surgical site or, in the case of conventional treatment, because of the closed coil springs. The VAS scale was also used to evaluate the level of satisfaction with both the procedures performed (Figure 5).

Table 2.

Scale for Apical and Lateral Root Resorption

Grading
Apical root resorption
0	No apical root resorption
1	Slight blunting of the canine root apex
2	Moderate root resorption beyond blunting and a quarter of the root length
3	Excessive root resorption of the root apex beyond a quarter of the root length
Lateral root resorption
0	Smooth lateral root surface and periodontal ligament
1	Slightly irregular root surface, not beyond one-third of dentine width between distal side of PDL and pulp chamber
2	Moderate irregular lateral root surface beyond one-third and up to two-thirds of dentine width between distal side of PDL and pulp chamber
3	Extreme irregularity of the lateral root surface beyond two-thirds of dentine width between distal side of PDL and pulp chamber

Source: Liou and Huang²⁹.

Figure 5.

VAS Scale

An electric pulp vitality test (Waldent Electric Pulp Tester, India) was performed just before and after either procedure. A pulp tester probe was placed against the incisal/occlusal one-third of the tooth surface. Signs of pain, with an ascribed number on the scale, were registered with the gradual increase of current (mA) in each participant, at regular time intervals. Each tooth was tested twice and the arithmetic means calculated and indexed in the patients’ charts.

Statistical Analysis

Sixteen subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected for the study. The sites were randomly allocated for CFO treatment with or without MOPs, to either the right or left side, with a 1:1 allocation ratio. All the data were entered in Excel sheets and were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software for Windows (ver. 26, SPSS, Chicago, IL). The rate of tooth movement and anchorage loss between sites were analyzed using unpaired t-tests. Tooth (canine) movement at the test sites at different time intervals was analyzed using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). The differences in pain and root resorption between the sites were analyzed using the Mann–Whitney U Test. The lateral and apical root resorption at the CFO and CFO + MOP sites was analyzed using the chi-squared test, and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.

Results

Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

The difference in the rate of orthodontic tooth movement between the two groups is shown in Table 3. There was a statistically significant difference in the rate of tooth movement between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups during the first 4 weeks (P-value = .026), whereas there was no statistically significant difference at 8, 12, and 16 weeks (P-value = .33, .99, and .08, respectively). In the CFO group, there was no statistically significant difference in the tooth movement between different time intervals (P-value > .05).

Table 3.

Tooth Movement in the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Duration	CFOMean Value ± SD	CFO + MOPMean Value ± SD	P-Value
T1	0.64 ± 0.62	1.36 ± 0.52	.026 S
T2	1.2 ± 0.36	1.39 ± 0.23	.33 NS
T3	1.06 ± 0.19	1.06 ± 0.24	.99 NS
T4	1.6 ± 0.23	0.96 ± 0.17	.08 NS

Note: NS = Non-significant, S = significant, SD = standard deviation, T1 = baseline to the first month, T2 = baseline to the second month, T3 baseline to the third month, T4 = baseline to the fourth month.

Unpaired t-test.

In the CFO + MOP group, when tooth movement was compared across time intervals, there was a statistically significant difference between the second and fourth months (P = 0.048), but across the other time intervals, there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) (Tables 4A and 4B).

Table 4A.

Comparison of Tooth Movement From the Baseline to 1, 2, 3, and 4 Months in the CFO Group, With Mean, Standard Deviation, P-value, and 95% Confidence Intervals

Mean Value ± SD	Month		P-Value	95% Confidence Interval (CI)
Mean Value ± SD	Month		P-Value	Upper Bond	Lower Bond
0.64 ± 0.62	1st M	2nd M3rd M4th M	.104.512.340	0.1030.3440.310	1.291.181.35
1.2 ± 0.36	2nd M	1st M3rd M4th M	.104>.99>.99	1.290.7440.748	0.1030.3920.595
1.06 ± 0.19	3rd M	1st M2nd M4th M	.512>.99>.99	1.180.3920.244	0.3440.7440.444
1.6 ± 0.23	4th M	1st M2nd M3rd M	.340>.99>.99	1.350.5950.444	-0.310-0.748-0.244

Repeated measures ANOVA

Table 4B.

Comparison of Tooth Movement From the Baseline to 1, 2, 3, and 4 Months in the CFO + MOP Group, With Mean, Standard Deviation, P-value, and 95% Confidence Intervals

Mean Value ± SD	Month		P-Value	95% Confidence Interval (CI)
Mean Value ± SD	Month		P-Value	Upper Bond	Lower Bond
1.36 ± 0.52	1st M	2nd M3rd M4th M	>.99.810.661	0.5200.9341.18	0.5900.3410.390
1.39 ± 0.23	2nd M	1st M3rd M4th M	>.99.067.048	0.5900.6840.857	0.5200.0220.003
1.06 ± 0.24	3rd M	1st M2nd M4th M	.81.067>.99	0.9340.6840.293	0.3440.7440.444
0.96 ± 0.17	4th M	1st M2nd M3rd M	.661.048>.99	1.180.8570.491	-0.310-0.748-0.244

Note: At 1, 2, 3, and 4 months from the baseline; M = month, Ortho = control group.

Repeated measures ANOVA.

Anchorage Loss

Based on the unpaired t-tests, there was no statistically significant difference in anchorage loss, rotation, and tipping between the two groups from the baseline up to 16 weeks (P-value = .094 and .108) (Table 5).

Root Resorption

There was no significant difference in apical and lateral root resorption between the groups. Whereas none of the samples in the CFO + MOP group had lateral root resorption, in the CFO group, 18.75% had lateral root resorption, but the difference was statistically insignificant (Table 6).

Pain, Discomfort, and Vitality

Within the first 24 hours after the procedure, pain was felt more among the CFO + MOP group patients than among the CFO group patients, but the difference was statistically insignificant (P = 0.111). A similar trend was seen after 1 week. However, after 4 weeks, the pain score was similar across the two groups (Table 7).

Table 5.

Anchorage Loss From the Baseline Distance of Molar Tooth in the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Anchorage Loss	Groups	Mean Value	P-Value
	CFO	–0.49 ± 0.21	.094 NS
	CFO + MOP	–0.93 ± 0.64	.108 NS

Note: Unpaired t-test.

Table 6.

Evaluation of Differences in Root Resorption (Apical and Lateral) Between the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Root Resorption		CFO	CFO + MOP	P-Value
		No. of Cases	No. of Cases
RRA	Present	6 (37.5%)	5 (31.25%)	.894 (NS)
	Absent	10 (62.5%)	10 (62.5%)
			1 (6.25%)
RRL	Present	3 (18.75%)	0 (0%)	.151 (NS)
	Absent	13 (81.25%)	16 (100%)

Table 7.

Comparison of Pain and Discomfort Level Between the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

	Mean Rank		P-Value
Test	CFO	CFO + MOP
VAS 0 h	14.25	18.75	.111 NS
VAS 24 h	14.24	18.75	.11 NS
VAS 4 W	16.50	16.50	1 NS

Note: Man–Whitney test

The vitality of the retracted canines was healthy in both groups according to the result obtained from the electric pulp vitality test that was performed just before and after the procedure (Table 8).

Discussion

A split-mouth randomized clinical trial was designed to predict the difference in the rate of movement of maxillary canines between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups. Sixteen subjects (32 canines) were randomly assigned to the two groups for intervention in either the left or right side in the extracted maxillary first premolar space, with an allocation ratio of 1:1.

Previous researches on the acceleration of canine retraction have shown that the changes in the canine retraction devices have been done along with fixed orthodontic components,^{30, 31} including conventional NiTi closed coil springs. Samuels et al³² suggested that 150 g of force is sufficient for space closure for sliding mechanics. Dixon et al³³ observed that the rate of canine retraction with NiTi closed coil springs was 0.81 mm/month. Cacciafesta et al³⁴ reported a 1.1 mm/month canine movement. Nightingale and Jones et al³⁵ illustrated a canine movement of 0.21 mm/week using a power chain. Shanker et al³⁶ noted tooth movements of 2.14 mm, 1.99 mm, and 1.87 mm at 1, 2, and 3 months, respectively.

The present study investigated tooth movement over 16 weeks in both groups. The tooth movements noted in the CFO group at regular intervals were 0.64 ± 0.62 mm, 1.2 ± .36 mm, 1.06 ± 0.19 mm, and 1.6 ± 0.23 mm at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, respectively. The rate of canine retraction was noted to be slow during the first month and higher in the following weeks. The results of the present study are similar to those of the studies quoted above.^34-36 In the CFO + MOP group, the observed tooth movements were 1.36 ± 0.52 mm, 1.39 ± 0.23 mm, 1.06 ± 0.24 mm, and 0.96 ± 0.17 mm at 1, 2, 3, and 4 months, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in the tooth movement during the first month between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups (P-value = .026). A change in the rate of tooth movement was also noted between the second and fourth months in the CFO + MOP group. This may have been because of the fact that canine retraction in the MOP side was completed earlier than that in the CFO side (Tables 4A and 4B).

Previous studies have reported that MOPs and inflammatory markers together play a major role in significantly increasing the rate of tooth movement, which may be 2 to 3 times more than that in CFO.^13-16 A small difference was observed by Sivarajan et al.¹⁷ and the magnitude of canine retraction was 4.16 (1.62) mm with MOPs and 3.06 (1.64) mm over 16 weeks of observation. In contrast, Alkebsi et al¹⁸ found that there was no statistically significant difference in the rate of tooth movement between the MOP group and the control group (study duration: 3 months).

Table 8.

Results Obtained for Vitality Tests

S. No.	CFO				CFO + MOP
	VT 0	VT After	VT 4th Week	VT 16th Week	VT 0	VT After	VT 4th Week	VT 16th Week
1.	8	9	9	10	10	0	10	10
2.	9	10	10	9	10	0	9	10
3.	8	10	10	9	9	0	9	12
4.	8	9	10	10	11	0	10	9
5.	8	9	9	9	10	0	9	11
6.	8	10	10	9	9	0	9	10
7.	8	9	9	10	8	0	10	9
8.	8	9	9	8	11	0	8	10
9.	8	10	9	9	10	0	9	11
10.	8	9	10	10	11	0	10	10
11.	8	9	9	9	10	0	9	11
12.	8	9	9	10	9	0	10	10
13.	9	9	9	8	8	0	8	9
14.	8	11	11	10	11	0	10	10
15.	9	10	11	9	10	0	9	11
16.	8	9	11	10	9	0	10	11
	8 = 139 = 3	9 = 1010 = 511 = 1	9 = 810 = 511 = 3	8 = 29 = 710 = 7	8 = 29 = 410 = 611 = 4	0 = 16	8 = 29 = 710 = 7	9 = 310 = 711 = 512 = 1

Note: VT 0 = Vitality test before the procedure, VT after = vitality test just after the procedure, VT 4th week = vitality test after the fourth week of the procedure, VT 16th week = vitality test after the 16th week of the procedure, and MOP = micro-osteoperforation.

In the present study, the total magnitude of tooth movement was noted to be higher in the CFO + MOP group throughout the study period. An increase in the rate of tooth movement was seen in the first month, whereas the rate of tooth movement progressively slowed down to become similar to that of the CFO group across the remaining 3 months, since the expression of inflammatory markers decreased with time, similar to findings reported by Alikhani et al¹³ in their study.

Most of the studies that used an absolute anchorage system by placing miniscrews to facilitate the canine retraction procedure, through using NiTi closed coil springs, reported no anchorage loss.^{13, 17, 18} In the present study, the posterior anchorage was augmented with a transpalatal arch in the maxilla during canine retraction, which was kept standard for all the cases. In previous studies by Bokas and Wood,³⁷ a transpalatal arch was used as an anchorage reinforcement unit, and anchorage loss was noted as 0.46 mm/month. In a recent study by Davis et al³⁸ without any anchorage reinforcement and using only the molars and premolars as anchor units, anchorage loss was noted to be 1.3 mm during canine retraction. In the present study, anchorage loss from the baseline was noted to be 0.49 ± 0.21 mm in the CFO group and 0.93 ± 0.64 mm in the CFO + MOP group. Though the difference between the groups was appreciable, it was not statistically significant (P-value = .094 and .108). The results of the present study are similar to those of the studies quoted above (Table 5).

Achieving the highest rate of tooth movement with minimal iatrogenic side effects is the common goal of orthodontists with a good understanding of “optimal” force magnitude.^{32, 33} A force of 150 g was employed in the present study, similar to the force applied by many other authors, ranging from 100 g to 200 g, for canine retraction.^{32, 36, 37} Boester and Johnston³⁹ found that a retraction force of 150 g resulted in the highest canine retraction rate. Ren et al⁴⁰ found no conclusive evidence regarding the optimal force level. Still, there is an unacceptable risk of orthodontics-induced inflammatory root resorption present with a long duration of treatment.

Root resorption after orthodontic treatment was first described by Ketcham.⁴¹ Black et al⁴² evaluated apical root resorption using periapical radiographs in their study. Using 2 different bracket designs, they reported a root resorption of 12.54% for the maxillary lateral incisor and 8.04% for the maxillary central incisor. The canine was not included in their study. In a study by Sameshima and Asgarifar,⁴³ individual teeth were assessed, including 107 canines. Periapical radiographs and panoramic radiographs showed 0.76 ± 2.11 mm and 1.33 ± 3.12 mm root resorption, respectively. However, the difference was statistically insignificant.

Table 9.

Timetable of Events During the Clinical Trial

Timing (Months)	Events	CFO	CFO + MOP
0	Extraction of first premolars	✓	✓
0-6	Leveling and alignment to stage 0.19² ×0. 25² stainless steel	✓	✓
6	Transpalatal arch	✓	✓
6	MOP	✘	✓
6	Canine retraction	✓	✓
6-10	Monitoring canine tooth movement, molar anchorage loss, and root resorption	✓	✓
6-7	Pain and discomfort level	✓	✓
Baseline, 6-7, 10	Vitality	✓	✓
6-11 (4-4.5 months duration)	Complete canine retraction	✘	✓
6-11.5 (5-6 months duration)	Complete canine retraction	✓	✘
11-16	Anterior retraction with T-loop	✓	✓ ✓
16-18	Finishing and detailing	✓	✓ ✓

Note: 0 = Before bonding of fixed appliance, 6 = after leveling, 6-10 = for 4 months, ✓ = result found in study, and ✘ = no result found.

Whereas in the present study, Grade 1 apical root resorption was noted in 37.5% cases in the conventional group and 31.25% cases with Grade 1, 6.25% case with grade 2 in CFO+MOPs group which was statistically not significant (P-value = .894). Lateral root resorption was not seen in CFO cases, whereas 18.75% of the cases in CFO + MOP showed Grade 1 lateral root resorption with a P-value of .151, which was statistically insignificant. This result is similar to that of the studies by Mani Alikhani et al¹³ and Alkebsi et al.¹⁸

Pain and inconvenience are typical antagonistic impacts related to orthodontic treatment.⁴⁴ Past examinations have demonstrated that 70% to 95% of orthodontic patients experience pain.^{5, 45, 46} This pain could be an explanation behind the attrition of subjects seeking orthodontic treatment; past investigations have demonstrated that 8% and even up to 30% of orthodontic patients discontinue treatment as a result of pain and discomfort.⁴⁴ According to our study findings, the pain level was higher in the CFO + MOP group in the first 24 hours (P-value = .111) after the procedure; however, it was not statistically significant. The pain level became the same across the CFO and CFO + MOP groups after 4 weeks (P-value = >.99).

The vitality^{47, 48} of the retracted canines in both groups was found to be clinically healthy according to the results obtained from the electric pulp vitality test that was performed just before and after the procedure.

Conclusion

From the present study, it can be concluded that the CFO + MOP procedure has substantial potential to be used as an adjunct to the routine mechanotherapy for faster tooth movement, as it may reduce the treatment time by half in the first 4 weeks after the MOP procedure. There are no potential differences in anchorage loss, tipping, vitality, and apical and lateral root resorption between the CFO and CFO + MOP groups.

Although MOP can reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment by accelerating canine retraction in extraction patients without undesirable side effects, there are some drawbacks associated with it, including the need for a specific surgical procedure, a little discomfort felt by the patient in the first 24 hours, supervised activation protocol, the need for individual devices and knowledge of MOP application and timing (Table 9). It is recommended that the various factors mentioned in this study and the level of inflammatory markers be taken into account and discussed in future studies.

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Statement of Informed Consent and Ethical Approval

Necessary ethical clearances obtained from institution Dean/2018/EC/376; informed consent was taken before initiating study procedures from all participants.

ORCID iDs

Shivam Verma

A Kavin Prasanth

References

Uribe

Padala

Allareddy

Nanda

Patients, parents, and orthodontists’ perceptions of the need for and costs of additional procedures to reduce treatment time. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2014;145:65-73. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.12.01.

Fink

Smith

RJ.

The duration of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1992;102:45-51. doi:10.1016/0889-5406(92)70013-.

Beckwith

Ackerman

Jr Cobb

Tira

DE.

An evaluation of factors affecting the duration of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1999;115:439-447. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70265-.

Nimeri

Abou-Kheir

Kau

Corona

Acceleration of tooth movement during orthodontic treatment—a frontier in orthodontics. Prog Orthod . 2013;14:42. doi:10.1186/2196-1042-14-4.

Scheurer

Firestone

Bürgin

WB.

Perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod . 1996;18(4):349-357. doi:10.1093/ejo/18.4.34.

Teixeira

Khoo

Tran

. Cytokine expression and accelerated tooth movement. J Dent Res . 2010;89(10):1135-1141. doi:10.11772F002203451037376.

Hoogeveen

Jansma

Ren

Surgically facilitated orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2014;145(4 Suppl): S51-64. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.11.01.

Fleming

Fedorowicz

Johal

Pandis

El-Angbawi

Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015;30(6):CD010572. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD01057.

Alfawal

AMH

Hajeer

Ajaj

Brad

Hamadah

E-ectiveness of minimally invasive surgical procedures in the acceleration of tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prog Orthod . 2016;17(1):33. doi:10.1186/s40510-016-0146-.

10.

Gil

APS

Haas OL

Méndez-Manjón

. Alveolar corticotomies for accelerated orthodontic: a systematic review. J Craniomaxillofac Surg . 2018;46(3):438-445. doi:10.1016/j.jcms.2017.12.03.

11.

Frost

HM.

The regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP): a review. Henry Ford Hosp Med J . 1983;31(1):3-9.

12.

Sebaoun

Kantarci

Turner

Carvalho

Van Dyke

Ferguson

DJ.

Modeling of trabecular bone and lamina dura following selective alveolar decortication in rats. J Periodontol . 2008;79(9):1679-1688. doi:10.1902/jop.2008.08002.

13.

Alikhani

Raptis

Zoldan

. Effect of microosteoperforations on the rate of tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2013;144(5):639-648. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2013.06.01.

14.

Khan

Mustafa

Bashir

Durrani

Effect of alveocentesis on the rate of tooth movement. OHDM 2018;17(3).

15.

Feizbakhsha

Zandianb

Heidarpourc

Farhad

Fallahi

HR.

The use of the micro-osteoperforation concept for accelerating differential tooth movement. J World Fed Orthod . 2018;7:56e60. doi:10.1016/j.ejwf.2018.04.00.

16.

Attri

Mittal

Sonar

. Comparison of rate of tooth movement and pain perception during accelerated tooth movement associated with conventional fixed appliances with micro-osteoperforations(mops)—a randomized controlled trial. J Orthod . doi:10.1080/14653125.2018.152874.

17.

Sivarajana

Dossb

Papageorgiouc

Cobourned

Weye

MC.

Mini-implant supported canine retraction with micro-osteoperforation: a split-mouth exploratory randomized clinical trial. Angle Orthod . 2019;89(2):183-189. doi:10.2319/011518-47..

18.

Alkebsi

Al-Maaitah

Al-Shorman

Alhaija

EA.

Three-dimensional assessment of the effect of micro-osteoperforations on the rate of tooth movement during canine retraction in adults with class II malocclusion: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2018;153:771-85. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.11.02.

19.

Baloul

Gerstenfeld

Morgan

Carvalho

van Dyke

Kantarci

Mechanism of action and morphologic changes in the alveolar bone in response to selective alveolar decortication-facilitated tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2011;139(4 Suppl): S83-S101. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.09.02.

20.

Safavi

Heidarpour

Izadi

Heidarpour

Effects of flapless bur decortications on movement velocity of dogs’ teeth. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2012;9:783-789.

21.

Swapp

Campbell

Spears

Buschang

PH.

Flapless cortical bone damage has no effect on medullary bone mesial to teeth being moved. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2015;147:547-558. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2014.12.02.

22.

Alfawal

AMH

Hajeer

Ajaj

Hamadah

Brad

Effectiveness of minimally invasive surgical procedures in the acceleration of tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Progress Orthod . 2016;17:33. doi:10.1186%2Fs40510-016-0146-.

23.

Verma

Parihar

Chaturvedi

Prasanth

Swaraj

Sharma

VK.

Appraisal of minimally invasive MOP and maxillary invasive DAD surgical procedures in the acceleration of tooth movement: a systematic review. Int J Orthod . 2019;30(2):43-52.

24.

Cardaropoli

Araujo

Lindhe

Dynamics of bone tissue formation in tooth extraction sites. J Clin Periodontol . 2003;30:809-818.

25.

Dudic

Giannopoulou

Kiliaridis

Factors related to the rate of orthodontically induced tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 2013;143(5):616-621. doi:10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.12.00.

26.

Haas

Cisneros

GJ.

The goshgarian transpalatal bar a clinical and an experimental investigation. Semin Orthod . 2000;6:98-105. doi:1053/od.2000.589.

27.

Hoggan

Sadowsky

The use of palatal rugae for the assessment of anteroposterior tooth movements. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2001;119:482-488. doi:10.1067/mod.2001.11300.

28.

White

Pharoah

MJ.

Oral radiology: Principles and interpretation . 7th ed. Mosby/Elsevier; 2014.

29.

Liou

EJW

Huang

Rapid canine retraction through the distraction of the periodontal ligament. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop 1998;114:372-381. doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70181-.

30.

Fleming

Fedorowicz

Johal

El-Angbawi

Pandis

Surgical adjunctive procedures for accelerating orthodontic treatment. Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2015;30;(6):CD010572. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010572.pub.

31.

Pandis

Walsh

Polychronopoulou

Katsaros

Eliades

Split-mouth designs in orthodontics: an overview with applications to orthodontic clinical trials. Eur J Orthod . 2013;35(6):783-789. doi:10.1093/ejo/cjs10.

32.

Samuels

Rudge

Mair

LH.

A comparison of the rate of space closure using a (NiTi) nickel-titanium spring and an elastic module: a clinical study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop . 1993;103(5):464-467. doi:10.1016/S0889-5406(05)81798-.

33.

Dixon

Read

MJF

O’Brien

Worthington

Mandall

NA.

A randomized clinical trial to compare three methods of orthodontic space closure. J Orthod . 2002;29:31-36. doi:10.1093/ortho/29.1.3.

34.

Cacciafesta

Sfondrini

Ricciardi

. Evaluation of friction of stainless steel and esthetic self-ligating brackets in various bracket-archwire combinations. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 2003;124:395-402. doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00504-.

35.

Nightingale

Jones

SP.

A clinical investigation of force delivery systems for orthodontic space closure. J Orthod . 2003;30:229-236. doi:10.1093/ortho/30.3.22.

36.

Shankar

Ranvijay

Chandra S

Shahi

AK.

A comparison between space closure by canine retraction with active tiebacks and closed coil springs: a clinical study with the MBT system. Int J Med Res Prof . 2017;3(3):365-370. doi:10.21276/ijmrp.2017.3.3.07.

37.

Bokas

Woods

A clinical comparison between nickel-titanium springs and elastomeric chains. Aust Orthod J . 2006;22:39-46.

38.

Davis

Krishnaraj

Duraisamy

. Comparison of rate of canine retraction and anchorage potential between mini-implant and conventional molar anchorage: an in vivo study. Contemp Clin Dent . 2018;9:337-342. doi:10.4103%2Fccd.ccd_837_1.

39.

Boester

Johnston

LE.

A clinical investigation of the concepts of optimal differential force in canine retraction. Angle Orthod . 1974;44:113-119. doi:10.1043/0003-3219(1974)044%3C0113:ACIOTC%3E2.0.CO;.

40.

Ren

Maltha

Jagtman

AM.

Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic literature review. Angle Orthodontist . 2003;73:86-92. doi:10.1043/00033219(2003)073%3C0086:OFMFOT%3E2.0.CO;.

41.

Ketcham

A preliminary report of an investigation of apical root resorption of permanent teeth. Int J Orthod Oral Surg . 1927;13:97-115.

42.

Blake

Woodside

Pharoah

MJ.

A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with the edgewise and Speed appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop . 1995;108(1):76-84. doi:10.1016/s0889-5406(95)70069-.

43.

Sameshima

Asgarifar

KO.

Assessment of root resorption and root shape: periapical vs panoramic films. Angle Orthodontist . 2001;71(3):185-189.

44.

Pollat

Pain and discomfort after orthodontic treatment. Semin Orthod . 2007;13:292-300.

45.

Lew

KK.

Attitudes and perceptions of adults towards orthodontic treatment in an Asian community. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol . 1993;21(1):31-35. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1993.tb0071.

46.

Firestone

Scheurer

Burgin

Patients’ anticipation of pain and pain-related side effects, and their perception of pain as a result of orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Eur J Orthod . 1999;21:387-396. doi:10.1093/ejo/21.4.38.

47.

Gulabivala

Y-L.

Diagnosis of endodontic problems. Endodontics . 2014;93-119. doi:10.1016/b978-0-7020-3155-7.00004-7.

48.

Chen

Abbott

PV.

Dental pulp testing: a review. Int J Dentistry 2009;2009:Article ID 365785. doi:10.1155/2009/36578.

Comparison of Rate of Canine Retraction and Secondary Outcomes Associated With Conventional Fixed Orthodontic Treatment and Minimally Invasive Techniques (MOPs): A Randomized Control Trial

Abstract

Introduction:

Methods:

Results:

Conclusion:

Keywords

Introduction

Material and Methods

Trial Design

Participants, Eligibility Criteria, and Settings

Sample Size

Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria for the Study

Interventions

(A) Leveling and Alignment; (B) Part Preparation for MOPs Distal to Canine; (C) Orthodontic Microimplant (Dentos AbsoAnchor®system); (D) MOPs Application; (E) Three MOPs Visible Distal to the Canine

Records and Data Collection

Determination of Rate of Canine Retraction and Anchorage Loss

Determination of Root Resorption (Apical and Lateral) in Canine

Determination of Pain and Discomfort Level and Vitality Test

Scale for Apical and Lateral Root Resorption

VAS Scale

Statistical Analysis

Results

Rate of Orthodontic Tooth Movement

Tooth Movement in the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Comparison of Tooth Movement From the Baseline to 1, 2, 3, and 4 Months in the CFO Group, With Mean, Standard Deviation, P-value, and 95% Confidence Intervals

Comparison of Tooth Movement From the Baseline to 1, 2, 3, and 4 Months in the CFO + MOP Group, With Mean, Standard Deviation, P-value, and 95% Confidence Intervals

Anchorage Loss

Root Resorption

Pain, Discomfort, and Vitality

Anchorage Loss From the Baseline Distance of Molar Tooth in the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Evaluation of Differences in Root Resorption (Apical and Lateral) Between the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Comparison of Pain and Discomfort Level Between the CFO and CFO + MOP Groups

Discussion

Results Obtained for Vitality Tests

Timetable of Events During the Clinical Trial

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of Conflicting Interests

Funding

Statement of Informed Consent and Ethical Approval

ORCID iDs

References