Fischer-344 rats were killed 1, 18, and 42 hr after a single 4-hr exposure to an atmosphere of 0, 116, or 615 mg m-3 of hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Lungs, fixed by the intratracheal route, were examined by light and electron microscopy. Histologic changes were transient and mainly present in rats exposed to 615 mg m-3 H2S. Lesions included severe but transitory pulmonary edema and fibrinocellular alveolitis which was restricted to the proximal alveolar region of the lung. Electron microscopically, ciliated bronchiolar cells were the only cells that developed necrosis; they were rapidly replaced by mitosis. Alveolar endothelium had cytoplasmic blebs, but alveolar epithelium had minor changes. No mast cell degranulation was detected in lungs with edema. A 4-hr exposure to 615 mg m-3 is markedly edematogenic for the lung but only moderately cytotoxic for pulmonary cells.
BarryBEMillerFJCrapoJD:
Effect of inhalation of 0.12 and 0.25 parts per million ozone on the proximal alveolar region of juvenile and adult rats.
Lab Invest53:
692–704,
1985
3.
BeauchampROBusJPoppJABoreikoCJAndjel-kovichDA:
A critical review of the literature in hydrogen sulfide toxicity.
CRC Crit Rev Toxicol13:
25–97,
1980
4.
BittermanNTalmiYLermanAMelamedYTaitelmanU:
The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on acute experimental sulfide poisoning in the rat.
Toxicol Appl Pharmacol84:
325–328,
1986
5.
BoydMR:
Biochemical mechanisms in chemical-induced lung injury: roles of metabolic activation.
CRC Crit Rev Toxicol7:
103–176,
1980
6.
BurnettWWKingEGGraceMHallWF:
Hydrogen sulfide poisoning: review of 5 years experience.
Can Med Assoc J117:
1277–1280,
1977
7.
AndersonLJEvansM:
Effect of NO2 on the lungs of aging rats. I. Morphology.
Exp Mol Pathol27:
353–365,
1977
8.
Canadian Council of Animal Care (CCAC):
Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals.
2 vols.
Ottawa, ON,
1980,
1984
9.
CarsonJLCollierAMHuSSmithCAStewartP:
The appearance of compound cilia in the nasal mucosa of normal subjects following acute, in vivo exposure to sulfur dioxide.
Environ Res42:
155–165,
1987
10.
ColiceGLMatthayMABassEMatthayRA:
Neurogenic pulmonary edema.
Am Rev Resp Dis130:
941–948,
1984
11.
CoughlinCL:
Hydrogen sulfide poisoning in cattle.
Can J Comp Med8:
111–113,
1944
12.
CrapoJDGoldenMSalinJShelburneJS:
Pathologic changes in the lungs of oxygen-adapted rats. A morphometric analysis.
Lab Invest39:
640–653,
1978
13.
DevereuxTRSinghCJSlaughterSRWoldCRPhilipotR:
Identification of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes in non-ciliated bronchiolar (Clara) and alveolar type II cells isolated from rabbit lung.
Exp Lung Res2:
221–228,
1981
14.
DurhamSKBoydMRCastlemanWL:
Pulmonary endothelial and bronchiolar epithelial lesions induced by 4-ipomeanol in mice.
Am J Pathol118:
66–75,
1985
15.
EvansMJ:
Cell death and cell renewal in small airways and alveoli,
In:
Mechanisms in Respiratory' Toxicology,
ed. WitschiHNettesheimP,
pp. 189–218.
CRC Press,
FL,
1982
16.
EvansMJShamiSGAndersonLJ.:
Role of non-ciliated cells in renewal of the bronchial epithelium of rats exposed to NO2.
Am J Pathol123:
126–133,
1986
17.
GailDBLenfantCJM:
Cells of the lung: biology and clinical implications.
Am Rev Respir Dis127:
366–387,
1980
18.
HackerADBerlinerJATierneyDF:
Non-ciliated epithelial cells and oxygen toxicity.
Am Rev Respir Dis121
(Suppi):
348,
1980
19.
HastingsCEDeNicolaDBRebarAHTurekJJBornGSKesslerWV:
The effect of chlorphentermine pre-treatment on the toxicity of nitrogen dioxide in mice.
Fundam Appl Toxicol9:
69–81,
1987
20.
HurleyJV:
Current views in the mechanisms of pulmonary oedema.
J Pathol125:
59–79,
1978
21.
KeenanKPCombsJWMcDowellEM:
Regeneration of tracheal epithelium after mechanical injury. I. Focal lesions: quantitative morphologic study of cell proliferation.
Virchows Arch [B]41:
193–214,
1982
22.
KilamuraHInayamaYItoTYabanaMPiegorschWWKanisawaM:
Morphologic alteration of mouse Clara cells induced by glycerol: ultrastructural and morphologic studies.
Exp Lung Res12:
281–302,
1987
23.
LopezAPriorMYongSAlbassamMLillieLE:
Biochemical and etiological alterations in the respiratory tract of rats exposed for 4 hours to hydrogen sulfide.
Fundam Appl Toxicol9:
753–762,
1987
24.
LopezAPriorMYongS.:
Nasal lesions in rats exposed to hydrogen sulfide for 4 hours.
Am J Vet Res49:
1107–1111,
1988
25.
MajnoGPaladeGSchoeffGI:
Studies on inflammation. II. The site of action of histamine and serotonin along the vascular tree: a topographic study.
J Biophys Biochem Cytol11:
607–626,
1961
26.
MasonGREffrosRM:
Flow of edema fluid into pulmonary airways.
J Appl Physiol55:
1262–1268,
1983
27.
MichelRP:
Lung microvascular permeability to dextran in alpha-naphthylthiourea-induced edema. Sites of filtration, patterns of accumulation, and effects of fixation.
Am J Pathol119:
474–484,
1985
28.
MichelRPSmithTTPoulsenRS:
Distribution of fluid in bronchovascular bundles with permeability lung edema induced by alpha-naphthylthiourea in dogs. A morphometric study.
Lab Invest51:
97–103,
1984
29.
MintyBDScudderCMGranthamCJJonesJGBakhleYS:
Sequential changes in lung metabolism, permeability, and edema after ANTU.
J Appl Physiol62:
491–496,
1987
30.
MoffatRKHydeDMPlopperCGTylerWSPutneyLF:
Ozone-induced adaptative and reactive cellular changes in the respiratory bronchioles of bonnet monkeys.
Exp Lung Res12:
57–74,
1987
31.
PinkertonKECrapoJD:
Morphometry of the alveolar region of the lung.
In:
Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology.
ed. WitschiHPBrainJD,
pp. 259–285.
Springer-Verlag,
New York, NY,
1985
32.
PlopperCGDungworthDLTylerWS:
Pulmonary lesions in rats exposed to ozone. A correlated light and electron microscopic study.
Am J Pathol71:
375–394,
1973
33.
PriorMSharmaAKYongS.:
Concentration-time interaction in hydrogen sulphide toxicity in rats.
Can J Vet Res52:
375–379,
1988
34.
ShaniesHM:
Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
Med Clin North Am61:
1319–1377,
1977
35.
SmithLLCohenGMAldridgeWN:
Morphologic and biochemical correlates of chemical induced injury in the lung.
Arch Toxicol58:
214–218,
1986
36.
StaubNC:
Alveolar flooding and clearance.
Am Rev Respir Dis127:
544–551,
1977
37.
StaubNC:
Pathophysiology of pulmonary edema.
In:
Edema,
ed. StaubNCTaylorAE,
pp. 719–746.
Raven Press,
New York,
1984
38.
StephensRJFreemanGEvansJM:
Early response of lungs to low levels of nitrogen dioxide.
Arch Environ Health24:
160–179,
1972
39.
ThomasHVMuellerPKWrightR:
Response of rat lung mast cells to nitrogen dioxide inhalation.
Air Poll Contr Assoc J17:
33–35,
1967
40.
WannerA:
Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport.
Am Rev Respir Dis116:
73–125,
1977
41.
WilsonSWPlopperCGDungworthDL:
The response of the macaque tracheobronchial epithelium to acute ozone injury. A quantitative ultrastructural and autoradiographic study.
Am J Pathol116:
193–206,
1984
42.
WysolmerskyRLagunoffDDahmsT:
Ethchlorvynol-induced pulmonary edema in rats. An ultrastructural study.
Am J Pathol115:
447–457,
1984
43.
YonedaK:
Anatomic pathways of fluid leakage in fluid-overload pulmonary edema in mice.
Am J Pathol101:
7–16,
1980
