Studies with vesicular exanthema of swine virus type A48 and San Miguel sea lion virus type 2 indicated that phocid (harp) seals could be infected with these caliciviruses, but the resultant disease was inapparent or mild and self-limiting. As in swine, lesions were limited to sparsely haired or nonhaired regions of the skin and tongue. Unlike swine, however, antivirus titers in seals were low and transient.
References
1.
AkersT.G.SmithA.W.LathamA.B.WatkinsH.M.S.:
Calicivirus antibodies in California gray whales (Eschrichtius robustus) and Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jupatus).
Arch Gesamte Virusforsch46:
175–177,
1974.
2.
DulbeccoR.VogtM.:
Plaque formation and isolation of pure lines of poliomyelitis viruses.
J Exp Med99:
167–182,
1954.
3.
GelbergH.B.LewisR.M.:
The pathogenesis of vesicular exanthema of swine virus and San Miguel sea lion virus in swine.
Vet Pathol19:
424–443,
1982.
4.
GeraciJ.R.:
Thiamine deficiency in seals and recommendations for its prevention.
J Am Vet Med Assoc165:
801–803,
1974.
5.
GeraciJ.R.:
Guidelines for Marine Mammal Care and Medicine.
Published by the author. Ontario Vet. Coll., Guelph, Ont.,
1977.
6.
MirchamsyH.RappF.:
A new overlay for plaquing animal viruses.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med129:
13–17,
1968.
7.
MontoA.S.BryanE.R.:
Microneutralization test for detection of rhinovirus antibodies.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med145:
690–694,
1974.
8.
SmithA.W.AkersT.G.LathamA.B.SkillingD.E.BrayH.L.:
A new calicivirus isolated from a marine mammal.
Arch Virol61:
255–259,
1979.
9.
SmithA.W.AkersT.G.MadinS.H.VedrosN.A.:
San Miguel sea lion virus isolation, preliminary characterization and relationship to vesicular exanthema of swine virus.
Nature244:
108–110,
1973.
10.
SmithA.W.PratoC.M.SkillingD.E.:
Characterization of two new serotypes of San Miguel sea lion virus.
Intervirology8:
30–36,
1977.
11.
SmithA.W.SkillingD.E.RitchieA.E.:
Immunoelectron microscopic comparisons of caliciviruses.
Am J Vet Res39:
1531–1533,
1978.
12.
SmithA.W.VedrosN.A.AkersT.G.GilmartinW.G.:
Hazards of disease transfer from marine mammals to land mammals: Review and recent findings.
J Am Vet Med Assoc173:
1131–1133,
1978.
13.
ZeeY.C.MadinS.H.HackettA.J.:
Development of plaque assay for vesicular exanthema of swine virus (VESV) under methyl cellulose overlay.
Arch Gesamte Virusforsch21:
53–60,
1967.
