Abstract
An age-related canine distemper virus-associated cardiomyopathy characterized by multifocal myocardial degeneration, necrosis and mineralization with minimal inflammatory cell response was found in gnotobiotic Beagle pups. Of the 30 dogs infected experimentally at 5 to 7 days of age with virulent R252 strain of canine distemper virus. 11 had gross or microscopic cardiac involvement as early as 16 days post-infection. The 25 dogs similarly infected at 10 to 21 days of age. the uninfected age-matched controls, and pups infected at 5 to 7 days of age with avirulent R252 canine distemper virus had no cardiac lesions. Although the lesions are attributed to a direct viral effect, they occur against a background of other canine distemper virus-related changes including immunosuppression, anemia and encephalomyelitis. All these factors may have a modifying role in the development of this age-dependent susceptibility to virus-associated myocardial necrosis.
References
1.
Attal
C.
Mozziconazzi
P.
:
Measles: clinical features . In :
Clinical Virology: The Evaluation and Management of Human Viral Infections ,
ed.
Debre
Celers
,
pp. 320 –336 .
W. B. Saunders and Co. ,
Philadelphia,
1970
2.
Ayers
K. M.
Jones
S. R.
:
The cardiovascular system . In :
Pathology of Laboratory Animals ,
p. 13 .
Springer-Verlag ,
New York,
1978
3.
Bolande
R.
:
Cellular Aspects of Developmental Pathology .
Lea & Febiger ,
Philadelphia,
1967
4.
Bonucci
E.
Sadun
R.
:
Experimental calcification of the myocardium.
Am J Pathol
71 :
167 –184 ,
1973
5.
Boyko
W. J.
Galabru
C. K.
McGeer
E. G.
McGeer
P. L.
:
Thalamic injections of kainic acid produce myocardial necrosis.
Life Sci
25 :
87 –98 ,
1979
6.
Burch
G. E.
Sun
S-C.
Chu
K. C.
:
Interstitial and Coxsackie virus B myocarditis in infants and children. A comparative histologic and immunofluorescent study of 50 autopsied hearts.
JAMA
203 :
1 –18 ,
1968
7.
Burch
G. E.
:
Ultrastructural myocardial changes produced by viruses.
Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab
6 :
501 –523 ,
1975
8.
Carmichael
L. E.
Barnes
F. D.
Percy
D. H.
:
Temperature as a factor in resistance of young puppies to canine herpes virus.
J Infect Dis
120 :
669 –687 ,
1969
9.
Cheville
N. F.
:
Cell Pathology ,
p. 445 .
Iowa State University Press ,
Ames,
1976
10.
Cheville
N. F.
Beard
C. W.
:
Cytopathology of Newcastle disease.
Lab Invest
27 :
129 –143 ,
1972
11.
Confer
A. W.
Khan
D. E.
Koestner
A.
Krakowka
S.
:
Comparison of canine distemper viral strains: An electron microscopic study.
Am J Vet Res
38 :
741 –748 ,
1975
12.
Connor
R. C. R.
:
Focal myocytolysis and fuscinophilic degeneration of the myocardium of patients dying with various brain lesions.
Ann NY Acad Sci
156 :
261 –270 ,
1969
13.
Dusek
J.
Rona
G.
Khan
D. S.
:
Healing of experimental myocardial injury in newborn rats.
Arch Pathol
91 :
426 –433 ,
1971
14.
Fabianek
J.
DeFilippi
J.
Rickards
T.
Herp
A.
:
Micromethod for tocopherol determination in blood serum.
Clin Chem
14 :
456 –462 ,
1968
15.
Furuuchi
S.
Shimuzu
Y.
:
Effect of ambient temperature on multiplication of attenuated transmissible gastroenteritis virus in the bodies of newborn piglets.
Infect Immun
13 :
990 –992 ,
1976
16.
Gainer
J. H.
:
Virus myocarditis in animals.
Adv Cardiol
13 :
94 –105 ,
1974
17.
Griesemer
R. A.
Gibson
J. P.
:
The gnotobiotic dog.
Lab Anim Care
13 :
643 –649 ,
1963
18.
Grodums
E. I.
Demster
G.
:
Myocarditis in experimental Coxsackie B3 infection.
Can J Microbiol
6 :
605 –615 ,
1959
19.
Hayes
K. C.
Rousseau
J. E.
Jr.
Hegsted
D. M.
:
Plasma tocopherol concentrations and vitamin E deficiency in the dog.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
157 :
64 –71 ,
1970
20.
Hayes
M. A.
Russell
R. G.
Babiuk
L. A.
:
Sudden death in young dogs with myocarditis caused by parvovirus.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
174 :
1197 –1203 ,
1979
21.
Hassan
S. A.
Rabin
E. R.
Melnik
J. L.
:
Reovirus myocarditis in mice: An electron microscopic, immunofluorescent and virus assay study.
Exp Mol Pathol
4 :
66 –80 ,
1965
22.
Heggtveit
H. A.
Herman
L.
Mishkra
R. K.
:
Cardiac necrosis and calcification in experimental magnesium deficiency.
Am J Pathol
45 :
757 –782 ,
1964
23.
Hoff
E. C.
Kell
J. F.
Carrol
M. N.
:
Effects of cortical stimulation and lesions on cardiovascular function.
Physiol Rev
43 :
68 –114 ,
1963
24.
Jezyk
P. F.
Haskins
M. E.
Jones
C. L.
:
Myocarditis of probable viral origin in pups of weaning age.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
174 :
1204 –1207 ,
1979
25.
Jubb
K. V. F.
Kennedy
P. C.
:
Pathology of Domestic Animals ,
vol. 1 ,
2nd ed.
Academic Press ,
New York,
1970
26.
Jubb
K. V. F.
Kennedy
P. C.
:
Pathology of Domestic Animals ,
vol. 2 ,
2nd ed.
Academic Press ,
New York,
1970
27.
Kilbourne
E. D.
Wilson
C. B.
Perrier
D.
:
The induction of gross myocardial lesions by a Coxsackie (pleurodynia) virus and cortisone.
J Clin Invest
35 :
362 –370 ,
1956
28.
Klouda
M. A.
Brynjolfsson
G.
:
Cardiotoxic effects of electrical stimulation of the stellate ganglion.
Ann NY Acad Sci
156 :
271 –280 ,
1969
29.
Krakowka
S.
Cockerell
G.
Koestner
A.
:
Effects of canine distemper virus infection on lymphoid function in vitro and in vivo .
Infect Immun
11 :
1069 –1078 ,
1975
30.
Krakowka
S.
Higgins
R. J.
Metzler
A. E.
:
Plasma phase viremia in canine distemper virus infection.
Am J Vet Res
41 :
144 –146 ,
1980
31.
Krakowka
S.
Higgins
R. J.
Koestner
A.
:
Canine distemper virus: Review of structural and functional modulations in lymphoid tissues.
Am J Vet Res
41 :
284 –292 ,
1980
32.
Krakowka
S.
Long
D.
Mezza
R.
:
Derivation and maintenance of gnotobiotic dogs.
Lab Anim Sci
28 :
327 –330 ,
1978
33.
Landsdown
A. B. G.
:
Viral infections and diseases of the heart.
Prog Med Virol
24 :
70 –113 ,
1978
34.
Lannek
N.
Lindberg
P.
:
Vitamin E and selenium deficiencies (VESD) of domestic animals.
Adv Vet Sci Comp Med
19 :
127 –164 ,
1974s
35.
Levine
H. D.
:
Virus myocarditis: A critique of the literature from clinical, electrocardiographic, and pathologic standpoints.
Am J Med Sci
277 :
132 –144 ,
1979
36.
Luna
G.
:
Manual of Histologic Staining Methods of the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology ,
3rd ed.
McGraw-Hill ,
Blakiston Division, New York,
1968
37.
Mador
R.
Krakowka
S.
Koestner
A.
:
A procedure for processing central nervous system tissue for immunofluorescence, light and electron microscopic evaluation.
Am J Vet Res
38 :
1946 –1949 ,
1978
38.
Manketlow
B. W.
:
Myopathy resembling white muscle disease of sheep.
NZ Vet J
11 :
52 –55 ,
1963
39.
Manning
G. W.
Hall
G. E.
Banting
F. G.
:
Vagal stimulation and the production of myocardial damage.
Can Med Assoc J
37 :
314 –322 ,
1937
40.
McCullough
B.
Krakowka
S.
Koestner
A.
:
Experimental canine distemper virus-induced demyelination.
Lab Invest
31 :
216 –222 ,
1974
41.
Norrby
E.
Friding
B.
Rockborn
G.
Gard
S.
:
The ultrastructure of canine distemper virus.
Arch Gesamte Virusforsch
13 :
335 –344 ,
1963
42.
Pearce
J. M.
Lange
G.
:
Cardiac anoxia as the factor determining the occurrence of experimental virus carditis.
Arch Pathol
44 :
103 –112 ,
1947
43.
Preble
O. T.
Younger
J. S.
:
Temperature-sensitive viruses and the etiology of chronic and inapparent infections.
J Infect Dis
131 :
467 –473 ,
1975
44.
Rabin
E. R.
Hassan
S. A.
Jenson
A. B.
Melnik
J. L.
:
Coxsackie virus B3 myocarditis in mice.
Am J Pathol
44 :
775 –797 ,
1964
45.
Rabin
E.
Melnik
J.
:
Experimental acute myocarditis.
Prog Cardiovasc Dis
7 :
65 –72 ,
1964
46.
Rotruck
J. T.
Pope
A. L.
Ganther
H. E.
Swanson
A. D.
Hafeman
D. G.
Hoekstra
W. G.
:
Selenium: Biochemical role as a component of glutathione peroxidase.
Science
179 :
588 –590 ,
1973
47.
Schanne
F. A. X.
Kane
A. B.
Young
E. E.
Farber
J. L.
:
Calcium dependence of toxic cell death: A final common pathway.
Science
206 :
700 –702 ,
1979
48.
Schlesinger
M. J.
Reiner
L.
:
Focal myocytolysis of the heart.
Am J Pathol
31 :
443 –460 ,
1955
49.
Small
J. D.
Aurelian
L.
Squire
R. A.
Strandberg
J. D.
Melby
E. C.
Turner
T. B.
Newman
B.
:
Rabbit cardiomyopathy.
Am J Pathol
95 :
709 –724 ,
1979
50.
Stallcup
K. C.
Wechsler
S. L.
Fields
B. N.
:
Purification of measles virus and characterization of subviral components.
J Virol
30 :
166 –176 ,
1979
51.
Tate
C. L.
Bagdon
W. J.
Bokelman
D. L.
:
Morphologic abnormalities in potassium-deficient dogs.
Am J Pathol
93 :
103 –112 ,
1978
52.
Tilles
J. G.
Elson
S. H.
Shaka
J. A.
Abelmann
W. H.
Finland
M.
:
Effects of exercise on Coxsackie virus A9 myocarditis in adult mice.
Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
117 :
777 –782 ,
1964
53.
Van Vleet
J. F.
:
Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog.
J Am Vet Med Assoc
166 :
769 –774 ,
1975
54.
Weaver
D. Q.
Henson
E. C.
Crowell
J. W.
Arelger
R. B.
Brunson
J. G.
:
Structural alterations produced in dogs in sublethal haemorrhagic shock.
Arch Pathol
93 :
155 –160 ,
1972
55.
Weisbrode
S. E.
Krakowka
S.
:
Canine distemper virus-associated hypocalcemia.
Am J Vet Res
40 :
147 –149 ,
1979