Orchiectomy Alone for Clinical Stage I Nonseminomatous Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis (NSGCTT): A Minimum Follow-Up Period of 5 Years

Abstract

Aims and background

Surveillance after orchiectomy alone has gained great popularity in the management of stage I NSGCTT. Preliminary results were enthusiastic, but critical voices have been raised against general use of this option as routine management. In an effort to identify patients at high risk of relapse, there has been a search for adverse prognostic factors of stage I nonseminomatous germ cell testicular tumors (NSGCTT). The aim of the study was to identify those patients in whom a surveillance policy is less likely to be successful.

Methods

Eighty patients with stage I NSGCTT were followed for at least 5 years. They were assigned to their respective clinical stage on the basis of physical examination, chest X-ray, CT of the retroperitoneum and post-orchiectomy tumor markers. The criteria for inclusion in clinical stage I were normal results of these examinations. The policy of surveillance consisted of regular follow-up with tumor markers, chest X-ray and CT of the retroperitoneum. Patients who relapsed were treated with cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. In all patients, diagnostic delay, pre-orchiectomy tumor markers, T staging category, size, histopathology and vascular invasion in the primary tumor, and semen analysis were recorded.

Results

Follow-up revealed that 51 of the 80 patients (63.7%) were free of disease 61-110 months (mean, 83.1) after orchiectomy. Relapse was detected in 29 patients (36.3%) 3-58 months (mean, 13) after orchiectomy. The overall survival rate was 95%. The main risk factors of relapse were: vascular invasion, a major embryonal carcinoma and a minor teratoma component in the primary tumor, and low sperm count before orchiectomy.

Conclusions

The authors recommend the following risk-adapted treatment procedures: retroperitoneal lymph node dissection in patients with vascular invasion and a major teratoma component, adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with vascular invasion and a major embryonal carcinoma component, and surveillance policy in patients without vascular invasion.