ShepherdJ.J., SenatorG.B.: Regression of liver metastases in patient with gastrin-secreting tumour treated with SMS 201–995. Lancet, 2: 574–576, 1986.
2.
SusiniC., BuscailL.: Rationale for the use of somatostatin analogs as antitumor agents. Ann Oncol, 17: 1733–1742, 2006.
3.
SaltzL., TrochanowskiB., BuckleyM., HeffernanB., NiedzwieckiD., TaoY., KelsenD.: Octreotide as an antineoplastic agent in the treatment of functional and nonfunctional neuroendocrine tumors. Cancer, 72: 244–248, 1993.
4.
ArnoldR., TrautmannM.E., CreutzfeldtW., BenningR., BenningM., NeuhausC., JürgensenR., SteinK., SchäferH., BrunsC., DennlerH.J.: Somatostatin analogue octreotide and inhibition of tumour growth in metastatic endocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours. Gut, 38: 430–438, 1996.
5.
Di BartolomeoM., BajettaE., BuzzoniR., MarianiL., CarnaghiC., SommaL., ZilemboN., di LeoA.: Clinical efficacy of octreotide in the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors. A study by the Italian Trials in Medical Oncology Group. Cancer, 77: 402–408, 1996.
6.
ErikssonB., RenstrupJ., ImamH., ObergK.: High-dose treatment with lanreotide of patients with advanced neuroendocrine gastrointestinal tumors: clinical and biological effects. Ann Oncol, 8: 1041–1044, 1997.
7.
DucreuxM., RuszniewskiP., ChayvialleJ.A., BlumbergJ., CloarecD., MichelH., RaymondJ.M., DupasJ.L., GouerouH., JianR., GenestinE., HammelP., RougierP.: The antitumoral effect of the long-acting somatostatin analog lanreotide in neuroendocrine tumors. Am J Gastroenterol, 95: 3276–3281, 2000.
8.
AparicioT., DucreuxM., BaudinE., SabourinJ.C., De BaereT., MitryE., SchlumbergerM., RougierP.: Antitumor activity of somatostatin analogues in progressive metastatic neuroendocrine tumours. Eur J Cancer, 37: 1014–1019, 2001.
9.
ShojamaneshH., GibrilF., LouieA., OjeaburuJ.V., BashirS., Abou-SaifA., JensenR.T.: Prospective study of the antitumor efficacy of long-term octreotide treatment in patients with progressive metastatic gastrinoma. Cancer, 94: 331–343, 2002.
10.
PanzutoF., Di FonzoM., IannicelliE., SciutoR., MainiC.L., CapursoG., MilioneM., CattaruzzaM.S., FalconiM., DavidV, ZiparoV., PederzoliP., BordiC., Delle FaveG.: Long-term clinical outcome of somatostatin analogues for treatment of progressive, metastatic, well-differentiated entero-pancreatic endocrine carcinoma. Ann Oncol, 17: 461–466, 2006.
11.
RinkeA., MüllerH-H, Schade-BrittingerC., KloseK-J, BarthP., WiedM., MayerC., AminossadatiB., PapeU-F, BläkerM., HarderJ., ArnoldC., GressT., ArnoldR.: Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID study group. J Clin Oncol, 27: 4656–4663, 2009.
12.
MoertelC.G., KvolsL.K., O'ConnellM.J., RubinJ.: Treatment of neuroendocrine carcinomas with combined etoposide and cisplatin.Cancer, 68: 227–232, 1991.
13.
BajettaE., FerrariL., ProcopioG., CatenaL., FerrarioE., MartinettiA., Di BartolomeoM., BuzzoniR., CelioL., VitaliM., BerettaE., SeregniE., BombardieriE.: Efficacy of a chemotherapy combination for the treatment of metastatic neuroendocrine tumors.Ann Oncol, 13: 614–621, 2002.
14.
KaltsasG.A., MukherjeeJ.J., IsidoriA., KolaB., PlowmanP.N., MonsonJ.P., GrossmanA.B., BesserG.M.: Treament of advanced neuroendocrine tumors using combination chemotherapy with lomustine and 5-fluorouracil.Clin Endocrinol, 57: 169–183, 2002.
15.
SunW., LipsitzS., CatalanoP., MailliardJ.A., HallerD.G.: Phase II/III study of doxorubicin with fluorouracil compared with streptozocin with fluorouracil or dacarbazine in the treatment of advanced carcinoid tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1281.J Clin Oncol, 23: 4897–4904, 2005.
16.
DelaunoitTh, DucreuxM., BoigeV., DromainC., SabourinJ.C., DuvillardP., SchlumbergerM., de BaereT., RougierP., RuffieP., EliasD., LasserP., BaudinE.: The doxorubicin-streptozotocin combination for the treatment of advanced well-differentiated pancreatic endocrine carcinoma: a judicious option?Eur J Cancer, 40: 515–520, 2004.
17.
MitryE., BaudinE., DucreuxM., SabourinJ-C, RufiéP., AparicioT., LasserP., EliasD., DuvillardP., SchlumbergerM., RougierP.: Treatment of poorly differentiated neuroendocrine tumors with etoposide and cisplatin.Br J Cancer, 81(8): 1351–1355, 1999.
18.
BajettaE., CatenaL., ProcopioG., De DossoS., BichisaoE., FerrariL., MartinettiA., PlataniaM., VerzoniE., FormisanoB., BajettaR.: Are capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX) suitable treatments for progressing low-grade and high-grade neuroendocrine tumors?Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 59: 637–642, 2007.
19.
SaltzL., KemenyN., SchwartzG., KelsenD.: A phase II trial of alpha-interferon and 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced carcinoid and islet cell tumors.Cancer, 74: 958–961, 1994.
20.
HughesM.J., KerrD.J., CassidyJ., SoukopM., MCGregorK., BlackburnN., YosefH., KayeS.B.: A pilot study of combination therapy with interferon-α-2a and 5-fluorouracil in metastatic carcinoid and malignant endocrine pancreatic tumors.Ann Oncol, 7: 208–210, 1996.
21.
JansonE.T., RonnblomL., AhlstromH., GranderD., AlmG., EinhornS., ObergK.: Treatment with alpha-interferon versus alpha-interferon in combination with streptozocin and doxorubicin in patients with malignant carcinoid tumors: a randomized trial.Ann Oncol, 3: 635–638, 1992.
22.
ModlinI.M., KiddM., LatichI., ZikusokaM.N., ShapiroM.D.: Current status of gastrointestinal carcinoids. Gastroenterology, 128: 1717–1751, 2005.
23.
de HerderW.W.: Tumours of the midgut (jejunum, ileum and ascending colon, including carcinoid syndrome). Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 19: 705–715, 2005.
24.
ÖbergK., ErikssonB.: Endocrine tumours of the pancreas. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 19: 753–781, 2005.
25.
ÖbergK., ÅkerströmG., RindiG., JelicS.: On behalf of the ESMO Guidelines Working Group. Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumours: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 21: v223–v227, 2010.
26.
ErikssonB., AnnibaleB., BajettaE., MitryE., PavelM., PlataniaM., SalazarR., PlöckingerU., and all other Mallorca Consensus Conference participants: ENETS consensus guidelines for the standards of care in neuroendocrine tumors: chemotherapy in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Neuroendocrinology, 90: 214–219, 2009.
27.
RinkeA., MüllerH-H, Schade-BrittingerC., KloseK-J, BarthP., WiedM., MayerC., AminossadatiB., PapeU-F, BläkerM., HarderJ., ArnoldC., GressT., ArnoldR.: Placebo-controlled, double-blind, prospective, randomized study on the effect of octreotide LAR in the control of tumor growth in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine midgut tumors: a report from the PROMID study group. J Clin Oncol, 27(28): 4656–4663, 2009.
28.
ÖbergK., KvolsL., CaplinM., Delle FaveG., de HerderW., RindiG., RuszniewskiP., WolteringE.A., WiedenmannB.: Consensus report on the use of somatostatin analogs for the management of neuroendocrine tumors of the gastroenteropancreatic system. Ann Oncol, 15: 966–973, 2004.
29.
RicciS., AntonuzzoA., GalliL., FerdeghiniM., BodeiL., OrlandiniC., ConteP.F.: Octreotide acetate long-acting release in patients with metastatic neuroendocrine tumors pretreated with lanreotide. Ann Oncol, 11: 1127–1130, 2000.
30.
SolciaE., KlöppelG., SobinL.H.: Histological typing of endocrine tumours, ed 2. WHO International Histological Classification of Tumours.Berlin, Springer, 2000.
31.
RindiG., KlöppelG., AhlmanH.: TNM staging of foregut (neuro)endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch, 449: 395–401, 2006.
32.
RindiG., KlöppelG., CouvelardA.: TNM staging of midgut and hindgut (neuro) endocrine tumors: a consensus proposal including a grading system. Virchows Arch, 451: 757–762, 2007.
33.
AkerströmG., FalconiM., KianmaneshR., RuszniewskiP., PlöckingerU., and all other Mallorca Consensus Conference participants: ENETS Consensus Guidelines for the Standards of Care in Neuroendocrine Tumors: Pre- and Perioperative Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors. Neuroendocrinology, 90: 203–208, 2009.
34.
ObergK., JelicS.: Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic tumors: ESMO Clinical Recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 20(Suppl 4), 150–153, 2009.
35.
ObergK., JelicS.: Neuroendocrine bronchial and thymic tumors: ESMO Clinical Recommendation for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up, Ann Oncol, 20 (Suppl 4), 147–149, 2009.
36.
SogaJ.: Carcinoids and their variant endocrinocarcinomas. An analysis of 11842 reported cases. J Exp Clin Cancer Res, 22: 517–530, 2003.
37.
ModlinI.M., LyeK.D., KiddM.: A 5-decade analysis of 13715 carcinoid tumors. Cancer, 97(4): 934–959, 2008.
38.
LiuY., LiangH., LiuN., ZhangR.P., CuiQ.H.: Relationship of biological behavior and the prognosis in gastric carcinoid. Zhonghua Wei Chang Wai Ke Za Zhi, 10(5): 472–475, 2007.
39.
KhaledO., ShebaniM.D., WileyW., SoubaM.D., DianneM., FinkelsteinD., StarkP.C., ElgadiK.M., TanabeK.K., OttM.J.: Prognosis and survival in patients with gastrointestinal tract carcinoid tumors. Ann Surg, 229(6): 815–830, 1999.
40.
SogaJ.: Early-stage carcinoids of the gastrointestinal tract. An analysis of 1914 reported cases. Cancer, 103(8): 1587–1595, 2005.
41.
MoertelC.G., HanleyJ.A.: Combination chemotherapy trials in metastatic carcinoid tumor and the malignant carcinoid syndrome. Cancer Clin Trials, 2(4): 327–334, 1979.
42.
EngstromP.F., LavinP.T., MoertelC.G., FolschE., Douglass HOJ.r.: Streptozocin plus fluorouracil versus doxorubicin therapy for metastatic carcinoid tumor. J Clin Oncol, 2(11): 1255–1259, 1984.
43.
BukowskiR.M., JohnsonK.G., PetersonR.F., StephensR.L., RivkinS.E., NeilanB., CostanziJ.H.: A phase II trial of combination chemotherapy in patients with metastatic carcinoid tumors. A southwest Oncology Group Study. Cancer, 60(12): 2891–2895, 1987.
44.
SunW., LipsitzS., CatalanoP., MailliardJ.A., HallerD.G.: Phase II/III study of doxorubicin with fluorouracil compared with streptozocin with fluorouracil or dacarbazine in the treatment of advanced carcinoid tumors: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Study E1281. J Clin Oncol, 23: 4897–4904, 2005.
45.
HageR., SeldenrijkK., de BruinP., van SwietenH., van den BoschJ.: Pulmonary large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 23: 457–460, 2002.
46.
BattafaranoR.J., FernandezF.G., RitterJ., MeyersB.F., GuthrieT.J., CooperJ.D., PattersonG.A.: Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma: an aggressive form of non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 130(1): 166–172, 2005.
47.
IyodaA., HiroshimaK., MoriyaY., TakiguchiY., SekineY., ShibuyaK., IizasaT., KimuraH., NakataniY., FujisawaT.: Prospective study of adjuvant chemotherapy for pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg, 82(5): 1802–1807, 2006.