Meeting Report: Breast Cancer in the Older Woman

Yancik R. , Ries L.A. : Aging and cancer in America: demographic and epidemiologic perspectives. Hematol Oncol Clin N America, 14: 17–24, 2000.

Yancik R. , Ries L.A. : Cancer and age: magnitude of the problem. In: Comprehensive geriatric oncology, Balducci L. , Lyman G.H. , Ershler W.B. (Eds), Harwood Academic, London, 1998.

Balducci L. , Beghè C. : The application of the principles of geriatrics to the management of the older person with cancer. Crit Rev Hematol Oncol, 35: 147–154, 2000.

Repetto L. , Balducci L. : A case for geriatric oncology. Lancet Oncol, 3: 289–297, 2002.

Balducci L. , Yates G. : General guidelines for the management of older patients with cancer. Oncology, NCCN Proc, 14: 221–227, 2000.

Hamerman D. , Berman J.V. , Albers G.W. , Brown D.L. , Silver D. : Emerging evidence of inflammation in conditions frequently affecting older adults: reports of a symposium. J Am Ger Soc, 47: 1016–1025, 1999.

Saliba D. , Elliott M. , Rubenstein L.Z. , Solomon D.H. , Young R.T. , Kamberg C.J. , Roth C. , Maclean C.H. , Shekelle P.G. , Sloss E.M. , Wenger M.S. : The vulnerable elders survey: a tool for identifying vulnerable older people in the community. J Am Ger Soc, 49: 1691–1699, 2001.

Balducci L. , Stanta G. : Cancer in the frail patient: a coming epidemic. Hematol Oncol Clin N America, 14: 235–250, 2000.

Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J and Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group: Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol Med Sci, 56A: M146–M156, 2001.

Cleary J.F. : Cancer pain in the elderly. In: Comprehensive geriatric oncology, Balducci L. , Lyman G.H. , Ershler W.B. (Eds), pp 753–764, Harwood Academic, London, 1998.

Bernabei R. , Gambassi G. , Lapane K. , Landi F. , Gatsonics C. , Dunlop R. , Lipsitz L.A. , Steel K. , Mar V. : Management of pain in elderly patients with cancer. SAGE study group. Systematic assessment of geriatric drug use via epidemiology. JAMA, 17: 1877–1882, 1998.

Won A. , Lapane K. , Gambassi G. , Bernabei R. , Mor V. , Lipsitz L.A. : Correlates and management of nonmalignant pain in the nursing SAGE study group. Systematic assessment of geriatric drug via epidemiology. J Am Ger Soc, 47: 936–942, 1999.

Clarfield A.M. , Bergman H. , Kane R. : Fragmentation of care for frail older people. An international problem. Experience from three countries: Israel, Canada, and the United States. J Am Ger Soc, 49: 1714–1721, 2001.

Lachs M.S. , Feinstein A.R. , Cooney L.M. , Drickamer M.A. , Marottoli R.A. , Pannili F.C. , Tinetti M.E. : A simple procedure for general screening for functional disability in elderly patients. Ann Intern Med, 112: 699–706, 1990.

Ingram S.S. , Seo P.H. , Martell R.E. , Clipp E.C. , Doyle M.E. , Montana G.S. , Cohen H.J. : Comprehensive assessment of the elderly cancer patient: the feasibility of self-report methodology. J Clin Oncol, 20: 770–775, 2002.

Veronesi U. , Luini A. , Del Vecchio M. , Greco M. , Galimberti V. , Merson M. , Rilke F. , Sacchini V. , Saccozzi R. , Savio T. : Radiotherapy after breast preserving surgery in women with localized cancer of the breast. N Engl J Med, 328: 1587–1591, 1993.

Holmberg L. , Lindgren A. , Norden T. , Adami O.H. , Bergstrom R. : Age as a determinant of axillary node involvement in invasive breast cancer. Acta Oncol, 31: 533–538, 1992.

Holmes F.F. : Clinical course of cancer in the elderly. Cancer Control, 1: 108–114, 1994.

Ershler W.B. : Tumors and aging: the influence of age-associated immune changes upon tumor growth and spread. Adv Exp Med Biol, 330: 77–92, 1993.

Daidone M.G. , Luisi A. , Silvestrini R. , Di Franzo G. : Biologic characteristics of primary breast cancer in the elderly. In: Comprehensive geriatric oncology, Balducci L. , Lyman G.H. , Ershler W.B. (Eds), pp 197–200, Harwood Academic, London, 1998.

Kurtz J.M. , Jacquemier J. , Amalric R. , Brandone H. , Ayme Y. , Hans D. , Bressac C. , Spitalier J.M. : Why are local recurrences after breast-conserving therapy more frequent in younger patients? J Clin Oncol, 8: 591–598, 1990.

Balducci L. , Beghè C. : Cancer prevention in the older person. Clin Geriatr Med, 18: 505–528, 2002.

Fisher B. , Costantino J.P. , Wickerham D.L. , Redmond C.K. , Kavanah M. , Cronin W.M. , Vogel V. , Robidoux A. , Dimitrov N. , Atkins J. , Dely M. , Wieand S. , Tan-Chiu E. , Ford C. , Wolmark N. : Tamoxifen for prevention of breast cancer: report from the National Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project. J Natl Cancer Inst, 90: 1371–1388, 1998.

Agnusdei D. , Liu-lerage S. , Augendre-Ferrant B. : Results of international clinical trials with raloxifene. Ann Endocrin, 60: 342–346, 1999.

Cummings S.R. , Eckert S. , Krueger K.A. , Grady D. , Powles J.T. , Cauley J.A. , Noerton L. , Nickelsen T. , Bjamason N.H. , Morrow M. , Lippman M.E. , Black D. , Glusman J.E. , Costa A. , Jordan V.C. : The effects of raloxifene on risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: results from the MORE randomized trial. JAMA, 281: 2189–2197, 1999.

Gail M.H. , Costantino J.P. , Bryant J. , Croyle R. , Freedman L. , Helzlsoner K. , Vogel V. : Weighing the risks and benefits of tamoxifen treatment for preventing breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91: 1829–1846, 1999.

Kerlikowske K. , Grady D. , Rubin S.M. , Sandrock C. , Ernster V.L. : Efficacy of screening mammography. A meta-analysis. JAMA, 273: 149–154, 1995.

Gotzsche P.C. , Olsen O. : Is screening for breast cancer with mammography justifiable? Lancet, 355: 129–134, 2000.

Van Dijck J.A. , Holland R. , Verbeek A.L. , Hendriks J.H. , Mravunac M. : Efficacy of mammographic screening in the elderly: a case-referent study in the Nijmegen program in the Netherlands. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86: 934–938, 1994.

McCarthy E.P. , Burns R.B. , Freund K.M. , Ash A.S. , Shwartz M. , Marwill S.L. , Moskowitz M.A. : Mammography use, breast cancer stage at diagnosis, and survival among older women. J Am Ger Soc, 48: 1226–1233, 2000.

Bonnema J. , Van Wersch A.M. , Van Geel A.N. , Pruynn J.F. , Schmitz P.I. , Paul MA Wiggers T. : Medical and psycosocial effects of early discharge after surgery for breast cancer: randomized trial. Br Med J, 31: 1267–1271, 1998.

Bundred N. , Maguire P. , Reynolds J. , Grimshaw J. , Morris J. , Thomson L. , Barr L. , Baildam A. : Randomized controlled trial: effects of early discharge after surgery for breast cancer. Br Med J, 317: 1275–1279, 1998.

Bass S.S. , Cox C.E. , Ku N.N. , Barman C. , Reintgen D.S. : The role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in breast cancer. J Am Coll Surg, 189: 183–94, 1999.

Hermanek P. , Hutter R.V. , Sobin L.H. , Wittekind C. : Classification of isolated tumor cells and micrometastasis. Cancer, 86: 2668–2673, 1999.

Cox C.E. : Lymphatic mapping in breast cancer: combination technique. Am Surg Oncol, 8: 67S–70S, 2001.

Bates T. , Fennessy M. , Riley D.L. , Baum M. : Breast cancer in the elderly: surgery improves survival. The results of a Cancer Research Campaign. Proc ASCO, 20: 1533, 2001.

Mustacchi G. , Milani S. , Pluchinotta A. : Tamoxifen or surgery plus tamoxifen as primary treatment for elderly patients with operable breast cancer: The GRETA Trial. Group for Research on Endocrine Therapy in the Elderly. Anticancer Res, 14: 2197–2200, 1994.

Harris J.R. , Recht A. : Conservative surgery and radiotherapy. In: Breast diseases, Harris J.R. , Hellman S. , Henderson I.C. , Kinne D.W. (Eds), pp 388–419, JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1992.

Nemoto T. , Patel J.K. , Rosner D. , Dao T.L. , Schuh M. , Penetrante R. : Factors affecting recurrence in lumpectomy without irradiation for breast cancer. Cancer, 67: 2079–2082, 1991.

Clark R.M. , McCulloch P.B. , Levine M.N. : Randomized clinical trial to assess the effectiveness of breast irradiation following lumpectomy and axillary dissection for node-negative breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst, 84: 683–689, 1992.

Liljegren G. , Holmberg L. , Adami H.O. , Westman G. , Graffman S. , Bergh T. : Sector resection with or without postoperative radiotherapy for stage I breast cancer: five-year results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 86: 717–722, 1994.

Kantorowitz D.A. , Poulter C. , Sischy B. , Paterson E. , Sobel S.H. , Rubin P. , Dvoretsky P.A. , Mishalek W. , Doane K.L. : Treatment of breast cancer among elderly women with segmental mastectomy or segmental mastectomy plus postoperative radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 15: 263–270, 1988.

Hayman J. , Schnitt S.T. , Gelman R. , Eberlein T.J. , Love S.M. : A prospective trial of conservative surgery (CS) alone without radiation therapy (RT) in selected patients with early stage breast cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 32(suppl. 1): 209–211, 1995.

Wyckoff J. , Greenberg H. , Sanderson R. , Wallach P. , Balducci L. : Breast irradiation in the older woman: a toxicity study. J Am Ger Soc, 42: 150–152, 1994.

Morrow M. , Harris J.R. , Schnitt S.J. : Local control following breast cancer conserving surgery: results of clinical trials. J Natl Cancer Inst, 87: 1669–1673, 1995.

Early Breast Cancer Trialists's Collaborative Group: Tamoxifen for early breast cancer: an overview of the randomized trials. Lancet, 351: 1451–1467, 1998.

Baum M on behalf of the ATAC Trialists’ Group: The ATAC (arimidex tamoxifen alone or in combination) adjuvant breast cancer trial in post-menopausal women. Breast Cancer Res Treat, 69: 210, (abst 8), 2001.

Nicolaides C. , Elisaf M. , Bairaktari E. : The effect of the aromatase inhibitor letrozole on lipid parameters in postmenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Ann Oncol, 9(suppl. 2): 380, 2002.

Goss P. : Antiaromatase agents in treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Cancer Control, 9: 2–8, 2002.

Heshmati H.M. , Khosla C. , Robins S.P. , O'Fallon W.M. , Melton LJ 3rd , Riggs B.L. : Role of low levels of endogenous estrogen in regulation of bone resorption in late postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res, 17: 172–178, 2002.

Yaffe K. , Krueger K. , Sarkar S. , Grady D. , Barrett-Connor E. , Cox D.A. , Nickelsen T. : Multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation investigators: cognitive function in postmenopausal women treated with raloxifene. N Engl J Med, 344: 1207–1213, 2001.

Paganini-Hill A. , Clark L.J. : Preliminary assessment of cognitive function in breast cancer patients. Breast Cancer Research Treat, 64: 165–176, 2000.

Chlebowski R.T. , Ernst T. , Chang L. : Tamoxifen and estrogen effect on brain chemistry determined by MRI spectroscopy. Proc ASCO, 20: 108, 2001.

Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative Group: Polychemotherapy for early breast cancer; an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet, 352: 930–942, 1998.

Crivellari D. , Bonetti M. , Castiglione-Gertsch M. , Gelber J.D. , Rudenstam C.M. , Thurlimann B. , Price K.N. , Coates A.S. , Hurny C. , Bernhard J. , Lindtmen J. , Collins J. , Senn H.J. , Cavalli F. , Forbes J. , Gudgeon A. , Simaneini E. , Cortes-Funes H. , Veronesi A. , Fey M. , Goldhirsh A. : Burdens and benefits of adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and fluorouracil and tamoxifen for elderly patients with breast cancer: the International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial VII. J Clin Oncol, 18: 1412–1422, 2000.

Bonadonna G. , Valagussa P. : Dose-response effect of adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. N Engl J Med, 304: 10–11, 1981.

Extermann M. , Balducci L. , Lyman G.H. : What threshold for adjuvant therapy in older breast cancer patients? J Clin Oncol, 18: 1709–1717, 2000.

Fisher B. , Redmond C. , Fisher E.R. , Wolmark N. : Systemic adjuvant treatment of primary breast cancer. National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Experience. NCI Monograph, Vol 35-43, 1986.

Ingle J.N. , Everson L.K. , Wieand H.S. , Cullinan S.A. , Wold C.E. , Hagen J.B. , Martin J.K. , Krock J.E. , Fitzgiblons R.G. , Foley J.F. : Randomized trial of observation vs adjuvant therapy with cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil, prednisone with or without tamoxifen, following mastectomy in postmenopausal women with node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 6: 1388–1396, 1988.

Taylor S.G. , Knuiman M.W. , Sleeper L.A. , Olson J.E. , Tormey D.C. , Gilchrist K.W. , Falkson G. , Rosenthal S.N. , Carbone P.P. , Cummings F.J. : Six-Year results of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial of observation versus CMFP versus CMFPT in postmenopausal patients with node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 7: 879–889, 1989.

Fisher B. , Redmond C. , Wickerham D.L. , Bowman D. , Schipper H. , Wolmark N. , Sass R. , Fisher E.R. , Jochinsen P. , Legault-Poisson S. : Doxorubicin-containing regimens for the treatment of stage II breast cancer: the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience. J Clin Oncol, 7: 572–582, 1989.

Fisher B. , Redmond C. , Legault-Poisson S. , Dimitrov N.V. , Brown A.M. , Wicherham D.L. : Postoperative chemotherapy and tamoxifen compared with tamoxifen alone in the treatment of positive-node breast cancer patients aged 50 years and older with tumors responsive to tamoxifen: results from the National Breast and Bowel Project B-16. J Clin Oncol, 8: 1005–1018, 1990.

Boccardo F. , Rubagotti A. , Bruzzi P. , Cappellini M. , Isola G. , Nenci I. , Piffanelli A. , Scanni A. , Sismondi P. , Santi L. : Chemotherapy versus tamoxifen versus chemotherapy plus tamoxifen in node-positive, estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer patients: results of a multicenter Italian study. J Clin Oncol, 8: 1310–1320, 1990.

Schumacher M. , Bastert G. , Bojar , Hubner K. , Olschewski M. , Sanerbrei W. , Schmoor C. , Beyerle C. , Neumann K.L. , Rauschecter H.K. : Randomized 2 × 2 trial evaluating hormonal treatment and the duration of chemotherapy in node-positive breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol, 12: 2086–2093, 1994.

Rivkin S.E. , Glucksberg H. , Foulkes M. : Adjuvant therapy of breast cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group Experience. Recent Results Cancer Res, 96: 166–174, 1984.

Rivkin S.E. , Green S. , Metch B. , Cruz A.B. , Abeloff M.D. , Jewell W.R. , Costanzi J.J. , Farrar W.B. , Minton J.P. , Osborne C.K. : Adjuvant CMFVP vs tamoxifen vs concurrent CMFVP and tamoxifen for postmenopausal node-positive and estrogen-receptor-positive breast cancer patients: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol, 12: 2078–2085, 1994.

Wood W.C. , Budman D.R. , Korzun A.H. , Cooper M.R. , Younger J. , Art R.D. , Moore A. , Ellerton J.A. , Norton L. , Ferree C.R. : Dose and dose intensity of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II node-positive breast carcinoma. N Engl J Med, 330: 1253–1259, 1994.

Bonadonna G. , Zambetti M. , Valagussa P. : Sequential or alternating doxorubicin and CMF regimens in breast cancer with more than three positive nodes. JAMA, 273: 542–547, 1995.

Kaufmann M. , Jonat W. , Abel U. , Hilfrich J. , Caffier H. , Kreienberg R. , Trams G. , Brunnert K. , Schermann J. , Kleine W. : Adjuvant randomized trails of doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide vs doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, tamoxifen and CMF chemotherapy versus tamoxifen in women with node-positive breast cancer. J Clin Oncol, 11: 454–460, 1993.

Pritchard K.I. , Zee B. , Paul N. : CMF added to tamoxifen as adjuvant therapy in post-menopausal women with node positive estrogen and/or progesterone receptor-positive breast cancer: negative results of a randomized clinical trial. Proc ASCO, 13: 65, 1994.

Wils J.A. , Bliss J.M. , Marty M. , Coombes G. , Fontaine C. , Morvan F. , Olmos T. , Perez-Lopez F.R. , Vassilopoulos P. , Woods E. , Coombes R.C. : Epirubicin plus tamoxifen vs tamoxifen alone in node-positive postmenopausal patients with breast cancer: a randomized trial of the International Collaborative Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol, 17: 1988–2001, 1999.

French Adjuvant Study Group: Benefits of a high dose epirubicin regimen the adjuvant chemotherapy for node positive breast cancer patients with poor prognostic factors: 5-year follow-up results of French Adjuvant Study Group 0-5 Randomized trial, 2002.

Albain K. , Green S. , Osborne K. : Tamoxifen vs cyclophosphamide-adriamycin-FU plus either concurrent or sequential tamoxifen in postmenopausal receptor (+), node (+) breast cancer: a South West Oncology Group Phase 3 Intergroup trial. Proc ASCO, 16: A450, 1997.

Fargeot P, Roche H, Bonneterre J, on behalf of French Adjuvant Study Group: Disease-free survival advantage of weekly epirubicin plus tamoxifen vs tamoxifen alone as adjuvant treatment of operable node-positive elderly breast cancer patients: 5-year follow-up results of French Adjuvant Study Group, FASG-08 Trial. Proc ASCO, 21, 145, 2002.

Riley G.F. , Potosky A.L. , Lubitz J.D. , Kessler L.G. : Medicare payments from diagnosis to death for elderly cancer patients by stage at diagnosis. Med Car, 33: 828–841, 1995.

Warren J.L. , Brown M.L. , Fay M.P. , Schussler N. , Potosky A.L. , Riley G.F. : Costs of treatment for elderly women with early-stage breast cancer in fee-for-service settings. J Clin Oncol, 20: 307–316, 2002.

Hayman J.A. , Langa K.M. , Kabeto M.U. , Katz S.J. , De Monner S.M. , Chernew M.E. , Slavin M.B. , Fendrick A.M. : Estimating the cost of informal caregiving for elderly patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol, 19: 3219–3225, 2001.