Abstract
Objective
This study sought to quantify the learning curve for the blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral tube in critically ill patients.
Methods
We retrospectively analysed 127 consecutive experiences of three intensivists who performed comparable procedures of blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral tube subsequent to failed self-propelled transpyloric migration in a multicentre study. Each intensivist’s cases were divided chronologically into two groups for analysis. The assessment of the learning curve was based on efficiency and safety outcomes.
Results
All intensivists achieved postpyloric placement for over 80% of their patients. The junior intensivist showed major improvement in both efficiency and safety outcomes, and the learning curve for both outcomes was approximately 20 cases. The junior intensivist showed a significant increase in the success rate of proximal jejunum placement and demonstrated a substantial decrease in the major adverse tube-associated events rate. The time to insertion significantly decreased in each intensivist as case experience accumulated.
Conclusions
Blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral tube involves a significant learning curve, indicating that this technique could be readily acquired by intensivists with no previous experience using an adequate professional training programme.
Keywords
Introduction
Both European and North American guidelines recommended postpyloric enteral feeding if patients have a risk of aspiration or prepyloric enteral feeding intolerance.1–3 Several blind bedside methods for gaining postpyloric enteral access for transpyloric tube placement have emerged, and acceptable success rates have been demonstrated in several cohorts.4–8 In a multicentre, prospective observational study, 9 we recently demonstrated the safety and effectiveness of blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral nasoenteric tube (NET) in critically ill adults. This blind bedside method may contribute to the prompt commencement of postpyloric feeding in the intensive care unit (ICU) and increase the number of patients who can tolerate postpyloric spiral NET placement, which may obviate the need for endoscopy or fluoroscopy10,11 and minimize the high risk of timely intrahospital transfer.12–14
Like other ICU operational procedures, blind bedside transpyloric tube placement requires skill in techniques not currently used in training programmes in mainland China, 15 making it necessary to perform this technique at highly specialized medical centres. Furthermore, blind bedside technique, although an effective therapy, has potentially serious complications, such as pneumonia, pneumothorax and gastric perforation,16–21 as it is an unguided method. Thus, there is a need to determine the clinical experience required to achieve optimal efficiency and safety outcomes for insertion for blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET. To test whether there was a significant learning curve for this technique, and to gain insights into the professional experience needed for transpyloric tube insertion, we examined the learning curve for blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET.
Materials and methods
Study design
Previously, we completed a multicentre, prospective observational study, 9 in which critically ill adults were treated using blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET as a rescue therapy when spontaneous transpyloric migration failed. According to the study protocol, comparable cases were assigned to each intensivist, and placement was consecutively performed by an intensivist affiliated to each centre. This made it possible to assess the learning curve for blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET. The study was conducted according to the guidelines provided by the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki on Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Humans. The study protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital and Longgang District Central Hospital. All participants provided their written informed consent before their data were pseudonymously used.
Intensivists, patients and ICUs
This study involved one junior and two senior intensivists responsible for tube insertion from three ICUs with comparable beds in three tertiary hospitals. The intensivists had different work experiences and educational backgrounds. They were asked to provide details of their career background and their caseload of any previous feeding tube placement; that is, nasogastric tube placement, self-advancing spiral NET placement and ultrasound-guided feeding tube placement (Table 1).
Intensivist characteristics.
ICU, intensive care unit
Training programme
First, blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET was introduced by intensivist A, a senior intensivist, in accordance with the method previously described. 4 Then intensivist A established a 60-min training programme, which consisted of a slide presentation of a study protocol and a procedural guide presented in a manual and video. After completing the theoretical training, a junior intensivist (intensivist B) and a senior intensivist (intensivist C) from two other centres were required to watch five tube placements and then perform five procedures supervised by intensivist A.
Tube placement
On the confirmation of a failed spontaneous transpyloric migration, this rescue technique was performed to initiate timely nasoenteric feeding in the absence of endoscopy or fluoroscopy. A 145-cm spiral NET composed of radiopaque polyurethane (CH10, Flocare Bengmark, Nutricia, Amsterdam, the Netherlands) used in previous failed spontaneous migration was withdrawn and sterilized before insertion. 22 The technique of blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET was introduced according to the method previously described by Gatt et al. 4 Patients were prepared by the administration of an appropriate dose of metoclopramide before placement and were laid in a semi-supine position. This insertion method involved three phases: oesophageal, gastric and postpyloric placement. During each phase, tube position was assessed using the whoosh test, 23 the vacuum test 24 or the pH test 25 where appropriate, and tube coiling was examined by the guide wire withdrawal test. 4 Central to the postpyloric NET placement was the determination of the tube tip position at each stage before further advancement. If placement could not be confirmed, the tube was drawn back before a further attempt. All tube tip positions were confirmed radiologically and were reviewed by an independent expert group before feeding.
Database
The analyses data derived from a database used in our previous study, which included 127 consecutive patients who received blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET as rescue therapy in line with the eligibility and exclusion criteria defined in the previous study. 26 All these patients originally underwent spontaneous transpyloric migration that failed despite the use of prokinetic agents, and all still required enteral nutrition for more than 3 days. Patients excluded from data analysis were those with deterioration in medical conditions (e.g. uncontrolled shock, uncontrolled sepsis, uncontrolled gastrointestinal bleeding, emergency surgery) or those transferred out of the ICU. 9 The following baseline data were extracted: demographic characteristics, diagnosis, concomitant medication, and severity of illness comprising the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score and Acute Gastrointestinal Injury (AGI) grading. Data for the following efficacy variables were also extracted: the success rate of postpyloric spiral NET placement, success rate of spiral NET placement at the third portion of duodenum (D3) or beyond, success rate of placement at the proximal jejunum, time to insertion, length of insertion and number of attempts (oesophageal, gastric, postpyloric). Major adverse tube-associated events (MATEs) served as safety outcomes; these included vital signs alert events, the requirement of sedatives or analgesics during the procedure, nausea, nasal mucosa bleeding, lung insertion, pneumothorax and others. Data on vital signs, including heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2), which were recorded every 5 minutes from the beginning to 30 minutes after the procedure, were detailed in the database. A vital signs event was defined as HR, RR or MAP that fluctuated beyond the range of ±15%, or SpO2 declining to less than 90%.
The learning curve
We assigned patient sequence number as a continuous variable for analysis. The assessment of the learning curve was based on the efficiency and safety outcomes among intensivists (group A, B, and C). To further analyse the evolution of the learning curve, we divided each intensivist’s cases in chronological order into two groups (group A1, B1, and C1 as the first 20 cases of each intensivist; group A2, B2, and C2 as the remaining cases of each intensivist).
Statistical considerations
Continuous variables were presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile ranges) where appropriate, and categorical variables were presented as frequencies and percentages. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare clinical and demographic characteristics among different groups of patients. Continuous variables were compared between groups using the unpaired t-test and discrete variables were compared between groups using the unpaired rank sum test. Categorical variables were compared using the χ2 test or Fisher exact test. To examine the relationship between procedural time and accumulated cases, a simple linear regression was conducted. A P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant for all tests.
Results
The clinical and demographic data showed no statistically significant differences among the three patient groups, as shown in Table 2. As illustrated in Figure 1, efficiency outcomes for each intensivist displayed a visible improvement trend. The overall success rate of postpyloric placement for all intensivists exceeded 80%. Assessment of the learning curve showed that the success rate of postpyloric placement significantly improved for the junior intensivist (P = 0.0182), but did not significantly improve for the two senior intensivists. The success rate of placement at D3 or beyond was comparable among the three intensivists. With accumulated case experience, time to insertion significantly decreased in all intensivists (Intensivist A: P = 0.0068; Intensivist B: P = 0.0257; Intensivist C: P = 0.0384) (Figure 2) and the success rate of proximal jejunum placement increased dramatically in the junior intensivist (P = 0.0498) (Table 3). Interestingly, the junior intensivist also showed improvement in the length of insertion (P = 0.0077) and number of postpyloric attempts after 20 cases (P = 0.0476) (Table 3). Regarding efficiency outcomes, this technique appeared to demonstrate a learning curve of approximately 20 cases.
Success rate of (A) postpyloric placement, (B) placement at D3, (C) placement at jejunum for the first 20 cases and the remaining cases of the three intensivists.
Procedure time (y-axis) according to procedural sequence (x-axis). With increased case experience, there was a significant reduction in the time required to complete blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral tube in the three intensivists.
Clinical and demographic data grouped by intensivist.
Data are presented as n (%) or median with interquartile range. AGI, Acute Gastrointestinal Injury; APACHE II, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II; SOFA, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment.
a The subjects of intensivists A, B and C were divided into groups A, B and C, respectively.
Learning data for blind bedside postpyloric placement of spiral tube.
Quantitative data are presented as mean ± standard deviation or median (interquartile range) as appropriate, qualitative data are presented as n (%)
D3, the third portion of the duodenum; MATEs, major adverse tube-associated events.
aA vital signs event was defined as heart rate, respiratory rate or mean arterial pressure fluctuating beyond the range of ±15%, or pulse oxygen saturation declining to less than 90%.
The subjects of intensivists A, B and C were divided into groups A, B and C, respectively. Groups A1, B1 and C1 represent the first 20 cases of groups A, B and C; and A2, B2 and C2 represent the remaining cases of groups A, B and C.
The rates of MATEs varied from 4.6% to 30.2% and were comparable among the three intensivists. The requirement of sedatives or analgesics during the procedure was also consistent across the three groups. There were significant differences among the three groups in vital signs alert rate (18.6% for intensivist A, 14.3% for intensivist B and 2.4% for intensivist C, respectively; P = 0.0466). With increased case experience, MATEs significantly decreased in intensivist B (a junior, P = 0.0296). Regarding safety outcomes, this technique showed a learning curve of approximately 20 cases.
Discussion
The study findings demonstrate that there is a substantial learning curve for blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET. The success rate of postpyloric and proximal jejunum placement significantly increased, and adverse events significantly decreased, for the junior intensivist. Procedural time significantly decreased in all intensivists as case experience accumulated. Interestingly, the junior intensivist also showed improvement in length of insertion and number of postpyloric attempts after 20 cases.
We found that operational effectiveness improved significantly in all intensivists as experience increased, a finding reflected in declining procedural time. However, different aspects of the learning curve were observed in the three intensivists. Although the success rate of postpyloric placement exceeded 80% for all intensivists, only intensivist B (a junior intensivist) showed significant improvement as experience accumulated. This could be explained by the sharing mechanism underlying skill acquisition of tube insertion. The sharing mechanism was involved as the intensivists learnt a new skill that shared similar features with previously acquired skills. This may have helped the two senior intensivists, who had experienced hundreds of spontaneous self-advancing spiral NET placements, to learn more quickly than the junior intensivist. However, the improvement in performance in the senior intensivists may have been less significant than in the junior intensivist because the latter had only performed six procedures of ultrasound-guided feeding tube placement. However, even less significant improvements are valuable: transpyloric blind bedside NET placement could act as a learning model, as it might share the same mechanism as other tube insertion techniques in the critical illness setting (e.g. endoscopic, fluoroscopic and electromagnetic-guided tube placement). In addition, blind bedside procedures are often quite challenging. Thus it is reasonable to suppose that a junior intensivist must accumulate experience with a procedure before being able to perform it optimally. As such, the learning curve is a universal concept among intensivists.
It is well recognized that transpyloric blind bedside tube placement is not an easy procedure, particularly in the critical illness setting. Feeding tube insertion is also related to unique and complex adverse events.16–20,27 The therapy requires expertise in unguided placement techniques. In our study, the MATEs were relatively high, partly owing to the limited experience in a newly introduced technique. With increased case experience, the adverse events significantly decreased in the junior intensivist. Regarding safety outcomes, this technique appears to have a learning curve of approximately 20 cases, which indicates that the development of the necessary skills is cost-effective and could minimize the risk of complications.
It is worth noting that we observed this learning curve in the setting of a multicentre group of three dedicated intensivists. These intensivists have collaborated closely and frequently to upgrade techniques to facilitate the placement skills. The team cooperates on postpyloric tube insertions, which have been increasing during the practice. This cooperative effort has resulted in substantial procedural improvements that should be used in developing a training course in the future.
Blind bedside postpyloric placement of intestinal feeding tubes has emerged as a promising procedure for postpyloric feeding access. There is extensive interest in the expansion of operational programmes to meet the requirement for operators training in this field of expertise. To optimize the safety and effectiveness of tube placement, it is prudent to characterize the learning curve for blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral NET and to design flexible training curricula before its widespread application. In the ICU setting, interest in portraying learning curves is currently limited to ultrasound-guided jugular central venous catheter placement 28 and endotracheal intubation using direct laryngoscopy. 29 To our knowledge, there are no studies investigating the learning curve for this procedure. The present study highlighted the requirement for specialized training in postpyloric tube placement owing to a rapid growth in nutritional requirements for critically ill patients; however, there are no data on the professional experience required to optimize clinical nutrition supports. 6 It is notable that the blind bedside technique is not yet routinely taught in current ICU training programmes in mainland China. 15 Therefore, as demonstrated in this study, the nature of the learning curve associated with this technique has implications for professional training. The inclusion of this rescue therapy in standardized teaching programmes would publicize its benefits and its utility in substantially improving the relatively low success rate of spontaneous transpyloric spiral NET placement despite the use of prokinetic drugs.26,30–32 Elucidation of the learning curve could help intensivists to learn this rescue technique. It could also benefit patients; approximately 90% of patients in this cohort were AGI grade II or III, for whom the guidelines 33 recommend that initiation of postpyloric feeding should be considered when prokinetic medication is inadequate.
The study had several limitations, which may limit the generalizability of the results to other medical environments. One limitation was that the learning curve was only assessed with 127 cases of three intensivists. Limited by the small samples, we arbitrary chose a cutoff of 20 attempts for statistical analysis. Furthermore, the present study was a retrospective analysis with known inherent limitations, particularly the potential for referral bias. Additionally, the number of subjects was relatively small for learning curve research, though hundreds of cases were recruited. Thus, the validity of the learning curve needs to be examined in a large prospective cohort.
Conclusions
Blind bedside postpyloric placement of a spiral tube involves a significant learning curve, indicating that this technique could be readily acquired by intensivists with no previous experience using an adequate professional training programme.
Declaration of conflicting interest
The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.
Footnotes
Funding
Chunbo Chen was funded by a grant (#2014001) from the Guangdong Province Hospital Association Scientific Research Foundation and a grant (#201343) from the Guangdong Hospital Scientific Research Foundation. Cheng Sun was funded by a grant (#2014A020209051) from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China. Bo Lv was funded by a grant (#2013B021800158) from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China. Bei Hu was funded by a grant (#2014A020212236) from the Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province, China, a grant (#20181003) from the Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of Guangdong Province, China, and a grant (#A2018034) from the Guangdong Medical Scientific Research Foundation.