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Abstract

Objective

In Japan, stroke care is provided through medical cooperation and standardized treatment. However, various factors affect mortality in the hyperacute phase. The present study investigated factors associated with death within 24 h after admission for acute stroke.

Methods

Among 2335 patients admitted within 24 h after stroke onset from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012, a total of 139 deaths occurred. Forty-eight deaths occurred within 24 h after admission. We retrospectively examined the clinical features of these 48 patients.

Results

The overall mortality rate was 6.0%. When the initial 72-h period was divided into ≤24 h (Period I), >24 to 48 h (Period II), and >48 to 72 h (Period III), deaths were significantly more frequent in Period I than in the other two periods. The frequency of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) was also significantly higher in Period I than in the other two periods. Factors significantly associated with death from ICH were systolic blood pressure, hematoma volume, and surgery.

Conclusion

The mortality rate was low among patients with stroke transported to the authors’ medical center within 24 h of onset. Blood pressure management and the timing of determining indications for surgery are important factors in acute haemorrhagic stroke care.

Keywords

Stroke care unit acute stroke care stroke care centre

Introduction

Since the Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2003 were published, effective treatment of acute stroke in stroke care units (SCUs)/stroke units (SUs)^1,2 and standardized treatments have been developed and applied in Japan. In October 2005, intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) was approved for coverage by the medical insurance system and became the first-line treatment for hyperacute stroke.^2,3 In 2006, immediate stroke life support was developed as off-the-job training aimed at standardizing the initial treatment of patients with stroke in hospitals.⁴

If this system of primary care for patients with stroke is maintained, the stroke mortality rate will presumably decrease. In five previous reports, the mortality rates in stroke care hospitals or hospitals with SCUs/SUs were 20.9%, 12.1%, 10.47%, 10.1%, and 9.2%^5–9, and were significantly lower than those in general hospitals (20.9% vs. 25.4%, 12.1% vs. 16.6%, 10.1% vs. 12.5%, and 9.2% vs. 10.3%).^5,6,8,9 In the present study, the mortality rate at the authors’ medical centre was compared with the mortality rates from previous reports. No previous reports seem to have described factors associated with death within 24 h after admission when incomplete patient information is available or when the status of the patient may worsen. The stroke mortality rate 24 h after admission may decrease by aggressive treatment of factors related to stroke death within 24 h after admission. This study therefore investigated factors associated with poor outcomes in patients with acute stroke who died within 24 h after admission to our medical centre, which has an SCU, and examined future treatment needs.

Patients and methods

Among 3265 patients hospitalized for stroke (excluding transient ischemic attacks) from 1 January 2007 to 31 December 2012, at total of 2335 patients were admitted within 24 h after stroke onset. Of these, 139 died during the clinical course. Seventy-five deaths occurred within 72 h after admission, including 48 deaths within 24 h after admission. Among these 48 patients, we retrospectively examined the clinical features including stroke type, sex, mean age, level of consciousness on admission (Japan Coma Scale (JCS) score),¹⁰ neurological severity (National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score or World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) classification),¹¹ systolic blood pressure (SBP), lesion site, and cause of death (due to primary disease or not). The appropriateness of treatment was also reviewed.

In the authors’ institution, patients with acute stroke are admitted to the SCU (formerly the SU), and acute care is provided by an SCU team comprising physicians, nurses, rehabilitation specialists, and medical social workers. Physicians in the SCU include specialists in neurosurgery, neurology, and cardiovascular medicine as well as neurosurgery residents.

The JCS is a method for grading impairment of consciousness in the acute phase and is the main measure used in Japan (Table 1).¹⁰ This scale is evaluated in nine phases ranging from almost clear (JCS score of 1) to deep coma (JCS score of 300).

Table 1.

Japan Coma Scale (JCS).

III. A state that the patient dose not wake up after stimulation (represented in 3-digit codes) (corresponds to deep coma, coma, semicoma) 300. No response to painful stimuli at all 200. Slightly moves the hand or leg or wince in response to painful stimuli 100. Makes a movement as if waving away painful stimuli

II. A state that the patient wakes up after stimulation (represented in 2-digit codes) (corresponds to stupor, lethargy, hypersommia, somnolence, drowsiness) 30. Barely opens the eyes in response to repeated voice while applying painful stimuli 20. Opens the eyes in response to loud voice or shaking the body 10. Easily opens the eyes in response to normal voice

I. A state that the patient is awake without stimulation (corresponds to delirium, confusion, or senselessness) 3. Cannot tell his/her name or birth date 2. Has disorientation 1. Has unclear consciousness

Note: R: Restlessness, I: Inconsistence, A: Apallic state or Akinetic mutism

For instance it is represented as 30 R or 30 restlessness, or 20 I or 20 incontinence.

The WFNS is a severity classification for subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) used in determining indications for surgery (Table 2).¹¹ Grades 1 to 3 are surgical indications, Grade 4 is a relative surgical indication, and Grade 5 is not a surgical indication. In Japan, however, surgery may be performed even for patients with Grade 5 SAH.

Table 2.

WFNS grading scale for SAH.

WFNS Grade	GCS Score	Motor Deficit
I	15	absent
II	14–13	absent
III	14–13	present
IV	12–7	present or absent
V	6–3	present or absent

WFNS = World Federation of Neurological surgeons; SAH = subarachnoid hemorrhage; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale.

Statistical analysis

We used an unpaired t-test, χ² test, or Fisher’s exact test for comparisons between two independent groups (number of deaths, mean age, sex ratio, consciousness, lesion site of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH), SBP on admission, and hematoma volume). In the investigation of factors associated with death in patients with ICH within 24 h after admission (hematoma volume, blood pressure, and surgery), we performed multiple logistic regression analysis for dependent variables of survival and death. We considered two-sided P values of <0.05 to be significant. SPSS version 21.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY) was used for all statistical analyses.

Results

Among the 2335 patients admitted within 24 h after stroke onset, 139 died during the clinical course (mortality rate, 6.0%). The mean age of the survivors was significantly younger than the age of death for each stroke type (Table 3). Among patients who died, 75 deaths (54%) occurred within 72 h after admission, and 64 deaths (46%) occurred after 72 h (Figure 1). The stroke types among patients who died within 72 h were cerebral infarction (CI) in 16 (21%), ICH in 49 (65%), and SAH in 10 patients (13%). Compared with the stroke types in patients who died after 72 h, CI was significantly less frequent (P < 0.01) and ICH was significantly more frequent (P < 0.01) in those who died within 72 h (Figure 1). When the initial 72-h period was divided into ≤24 h (Period I), >24 to 48 h (Period II), and >48 to 72 h (Period III), the number of deaths in Period I (48 deaths, 64%) was significantly higher than that during Periods II and III (P < 0.01) (Figure 1). The stroke types among patients who died in Period I were CI in 6 (13%), ICH in 35 (73%), and SAH in 7 patients (15%). The frequency of ICH was significantly higher than the frequency of CI and SAH (P < 0.01) (Figure 1). The male:female ratio was 1:1 for CI, 5:2 for ICH, and 2:5 for SAH. ICH was significantly more common in male patients (P < 0.05), and SAH was significantly more common in female patients (P < 0.05). The mean age did not differ significantly among stroke types (77.2 years for CI, 71.5 years for ICH, and 78.1 years for SAH) (Table 4).

Table 3.

Breakdown of stroke inpatients within onset 24 h of onset (survival vs death).

Type of stroke	cerebral infarction (n = 1,563)	intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 530)	subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 242)	total (n = 2,335)
Survival
Number (%)	1,513 (96.8)	468 (88.3)	215 (88.8)	2,196 (94.0)
Sex (male: female)	980: 533	266: 202	60: 155	1306: 890
Mean age	72.5 ± 11.6	67.4 ± 12.2	62.5 ± 12.8	70.4 ± 12.2
Death
Number (%)	50 (3.2)	62 (11.7)	27 (11.2)	139 (6.0)
Sex (male: female)	25: 25	41: 21	6: 21	72: 67
Mean age	78.0 ± 10.2**	71.2 ± 11.2*	70.2 ± 15.2**	73.6 ± 11.2**

p < 0.05, **p < 0.01

Figure 1.

Number of stroke-related deaths.

Table 4.

Breakdown of sex ratio and mean age of deaths according to the stroke type.

Period\Stroke type	Cerebral infarction (n = 50)	Intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 62)	Subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 27)	Total (n = 135)
≤24 h (n = 48)	6 (3: 3) 77.2±11.4	35 (25: 10*) 71.5±10.4	7 (2: 5*) 78.1±9.2	48 (30: 18) 73.2±10.5
24 h< and ≤48 h (n = 19)	7 (2: 5) 72.7±15.6	11 (7: 4) 67.6±10.9	1 (1: 0) 42.0±0	19 (10: 9) 68.2±13.9
48 h< and ≤72 h (n = 8)	3 (2: 1) 70.3±7.6	3 (2: 1) 81.0±5.2	2 (0: 2) 43.0±2.8	8 (4: 4) 67.5±16.7
>72 h (n = 64)	34 (18: 16) 79.9±8.4	13 (7: 6) 70.9±13.8	17 (3: 14*) 71.2±13.5	64 (28: 36) 75.8±11.8

p < 0.05, upper stage: number (male: female), lower stage: mean age

Among the six patients with CI who died during Period I, two patients (33%) had noncardiogenic stroke (Group N) and four patients (67%) had cardiogenic stroke (Group C). Based on the JCS, both patients in Group N (100%) were lucid, while the patients in Group C showed impaired consciousness (P < 0.05). Based on the NIHSS score, neurological severity was mild in Group N and moderate or worse in Group C (P < 0.05). The mean SBP on admission was 196.7 mmHg, with no significant difference between Group N (212 mmHg) and Group C (189 mmHg). The lesion site in both patients with noncardiogenic stroke was the posterior circulation. Among patients with cardiogenic stroke, the lesion site was the anterior circulation in three patients (75%) and the posterior circulation in one patient (25%). All patients received acute treatment, but one patient (17%) developed a haemorrhagic infarction due to recanalization after intravenous rt-PA administration (Table 5).

Table 5.

Deaths of cerebral infarction patients within 24 h after admission (n = 6).

Group no.	Age	Sex	Post illness	Anticoagulants therapy	JCS	NIHSS	sBP	Lesion	Treatment post admission	Started treatment time	Complications
N
1	64	M	−	−	0	4	221	BA	Heparin	6 h	−
2	85	F	HT, CI	+	0	2	202	Lt.VA	Ozagrel Na	24 h	−
Mean-N	74					3	212
C
3	70	F	HT, paf (PMI)	+	10	14	159	Rt.MCA	rt-PA Endovascular Edaravone	3 h	hemorrhage change after treatment
4	68	M	PC	−	3	18	211	Lt.ACA & MCA	Edaravone	12 h	multiple hemorrhage change
5	93	F	HT, af	−	30	31	167	Rt.PICA	Clopidogrel Edaravone	24 h	−
6	83	M	HT,af, cKD	+	200	22	220	Lt.MCA	Edaravone	6 h	systemic embolism
Mean–C	79					27	189
Total	77					15	197

Group: N; non-cardiogenic infarction, C; cardiogenic infarction

Past illness: HT; hypertension, CI; cerebral infarction, (p)af; (paroxysmal) atrial fibrillation, PC; prostate cancer, cKD; Chronic kidney disease, PMI; implantation

lesion: BA; basilar artery, VA; Vertebral artery, MCA; middle cerebral artery, ACA; anterior cerebral artery, PICA; posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Among the 35 patients with ICH who died during Period I, 21 patients (60%) were undergoing antithrombotic therapy (Group A) and 14 (40%) were undergoing non-antithrombotic therapy (Group B). With respect to pre-existing diseases, the rate of hypertension (including untreated) was high in both groups (Group A, 86%; Group B, 71%). A high rate of three-digit codes on the JCS was also seen in both groups. The mean NIHSS score was 32, with no significant difference between Group A (mean, 33) and Group B (mean, 30). The lesion sites, in order of frequency, were the putamen, cerebellum/brain stem, thalamus, and subcortical area. The rate of cerebellar/brain stem lesions was significantly higher in Group A, and the rate of putaminal lesions was significantly higher in Group B (P < 0.01). The mean SBP on admission was 195 mmHg, with no significant difference between Group A (mean, 191 mmHg) and Group B (mean, 212 mmHg). The mean hematoma volume on initial CT was 87 ml, with a tendency toward a higher volume in Group A (mean, 102 ml) than in Group B (mean, 65 ml), although the difference did not reach statistical significance. The rate of ventricular rupture was high in both groups (Group A, 91%; Group B, 86%) (Table 6).

Table 6.

Deaths of ICH within 24 h after admission (n = 35).

Group no.	Age	Sex	Post illness	Anticoagulants therapy	JCS	NIH SS	sBP	PT-INR	Lesion	Volume (ml)	Ventricle ruptured	Regrowth	Surgery
A
7	65	F	HT,HL, CI,TIA	a, b, c	300	35	205	1.89	Rt. putamen	68	+	+	−
8	74	M	HT,DM,ICH,CI	a, b	200	37	205	2.76	Lt. putamen	100	+	+	−
9	74	M	HT,af	a	300	30	205	1.63	Rt. putamen & thalamus	167	+	−	−
10	84	F	CI,PE	a	100	38	160	2.41	Lt. putamen∼pons	172	+	+	−
11	75	M	HT,CHF,AR,ICH	a, b	3	21	117	2.44	Lt. putamen	50	+	−	−
12	74	M	HT,CI	b	300	40	190	1.21	Lt. putamen	121	+	+	−
13	87	F	HT,IHD	d	200	36	230	0.90	Lt. putamen	80	+	−	−
14	79	M	HT,CI,af	a	200	40	210	2.21	Lt. thalamus	162	+	+	−
15	83	F	HT,CI,af	a	100	23	220	5.37	Rt. putamen	149	−	+	−
16	80	M	HT,HL, postCABG, ASO (stent),CI	a, b, c	3	23	171	2.41	Lt. putamen	69	+	+	−
17	77	M	HT,CI	d	30	34	168	0.92	Rt. putamen	216	+	−	−
18	74	F	HT,DVT	a	300	40	192	1.25	brainstem	25	+	−	−
19	73	M	HT,CI	a, b	300	40	250	2.83	Rt. thalamus	93	+	−	−
20	88	F	HT,af	a	100	40	231	3.52	Rt. putamen	70	+	+	−
21	75	M	HT,ICH	d	300	40	196	2.19	Lt. temporoparietal lobe	175	+	−	−
22	80	M	HL,postCABG	a, b	3	10	180	3.19	brainstem	0.5	−	+	−
23	80	F	HT,af	a	100	26	157	2.40	Lt. thalamus	17	+	+	−
24	66	M	AR	a	300	40	124	2.19	Lt. temporal lobe	191	+	−	−
25	76	M	HT,IC stenosis, SSS(PMI)	a, c	300	40	188	2.86	Rt. putamen	90	+	−	−
26	65	M	HT,DM,CI	b	20	25	181	0.92	Rt. putamen	105	+	+	+
27	88	M	HT,HL,ICH,CI	c	200	37	224	0.85	Rt. putamen	27	−	+	−
subtotal-A	77					33	191	2.21		102
B
28	53	M	HT(untreated)	−	300	33	220	−	brainstem	50	+	unknown	−
29	58	M	HT(untreated)	−	200	30	160	−	brainstem	6	+	unknown	−
30	63	M	HT,LD (untreated), CD	−	3	7	230	−	Rt. thalamus	45	+	+	−
31	66	M	unknown	−	300	33	200	1.03	Lt. putamen	140	+	+	−
32	74	M	HT (untreated), cLD (untreated)	−	30	25	230	1.06	Lt. putamen	126	+	+	−
33	60	M	HT (untreated)	−	200	27	239	0.91	brainstem	3	−	+	−
34	71	M	HT,DM	−	300	32	272	1.04	Rt. thalamus	32	+	unknown	−
35	65	M	HT,ICH	−	200	29	148	0.95	Rt. putamen	226	+	unknown	−
36	40	M	HT (untreated)	−	200	25	164	0.99	brainstem	12	−	+	−
37	60	M	not medical consultation	−	200	38	250	0.82	brainstem	23	+	unknown	−
38	62	F	unknown	−	20	34	150	0.85	Lt. putamen	70	+	unknown	−
39	67	F	unknown	−	20	34	196	0.88	Rt. temporooccipital lobe	135	+	unknown	−
40	78	M	HT,DM,LC	−	200	38	219	0.90	Lt. thalamus	34	+	unknown	−
41	70	F	HT,ICH	−	200	34	148	0.89	brainstem	10	+	−	−
subtotal-B	63					30	212	0.94		65
total	72					32	195	1.77		87

Group: A; anticoagulants therapy, B; Non-anticoagulants therapy

Anticoagulants: a; Warfarin, b; Aspirin, c; Clopidogrel, d; Ticlopidine

Past illness: HT; hypertension, HL; hyperlipidemia, CI; cerebral infarction, DM; diabetes mellitus, TIA; Transient ischemic attack, ICH; intracerebral hemorrhage, af; atrial fibrillation, PE; pulmonary embolism, CHF; congestive heart failure, AR; aortic regurgitation, IHD; ischemic heart disease, post CABG; post heart bypass operation, ASO(stent); arteriosclerosis obliterans, DVT; deep vein thrombosis, IC stenosis; internal carotid artery stenosis, SSS(PMI); sick sinus syndrome(pacemaker implantation), CD; coagulation disorder, cLD; chronic liver dysfunction, LC; liver carcinoma

Factors significantly associated with death among patients with ICH within 24 h after admission were the SBP on admission (odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.04), hematoma volume (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03, 1.05) and surgery for patients showing disturbance of consciousness with a JCS score of >20 (OR 0.03, 95% CI 0.00, 0.35) (Tables 7–1, 7–2).

Table 7–1.

Characteristics of survival and death of ICH patients admitted within 24 h after stroke onset.

	Survival (n = 468)	Death within 24 h post-admission (n = 35)	Death > 24 h post-admission (n = 27)
Blood pressure (mmHg), mean ± SD on admission
Systolic blood pressure (SBP)	182 ± 30	200 ± 34	190 ± 32
Diastolic blood pressure (DBP)	99 ± 19	103 ± 19	101 ± 19
Hematoma volume (ml), mean ± SD	17 ± 21	87 ± 66	68 ± 47
Surgery for patients, number (%)
JCS 10≤	22 (22)	1 (3)	2 (9)
JCS 20≤	18 (31)	1 (3)	2 (10)

Table 7–2.

Odds ratios for factors associated with deaths in ICH patients within 24 h post-admission.

	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	Survival vs Death (over all)	Survival vs Death within 24 h post-admission	Survival vs Death >24 h post-admission
SBP on admission	1.02 (1.01–1.03)	1.03 (1.01–1.04)	1.01 (1.00–1.03)
DBP on admission	1.02 (1.00–1.03)	1.02 (1.00–1.04)	1.01 (0.99–1.04)
Hematoma volume	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)	1.04 (1.03–1.05)
Surgery for patients
JCS 10≤	0.17 (0.05–0.67)	0.10 (0.01–0.88)	0.25 (0.05–1.25)
JCS 20≤	0.08 (0.02–0.39)	0.03 (0.00–0.35)	0.20 (0.04–1.18)

OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval

SBP, DBP and Hematoma volume: Adjusted for age, anticoagulants therapy (warfarin)

Surgery: Adjusted for anticoagulants therapy (warfarin), hematoma volume

Among the six patients with SAH who died during Period I, two patients (Patients 42 and 45) were elderly (aged ≥80 years) and had been diagnosed with unruptured cerebral aneurysms. The mean SBP on admission was 203.0 mmHg. All of these cases of SAH were grade V based on the WFNS classification (Table 8).

Table 8.

Deaths of SAH patients within 24 h after admission(n = −7).

no.	Age	Sex	Post illness	sBP	Location	WFNS grade	Operation
42	81	M	unruptured cerebral aneurysm	224	Rt.MCA	V	–
43	59	M	unknown	170	Lt.MCA (susp.)	V	–
44	84	F	HT, HL	180	A com. (susp.)	V	–
45	88	F	post SAH(Rt.MCA) TIA(aspirin) unruptured cerebral aneurysm	210	Lt.MCA	V	–
46	77	F	HT, AP(post PTCA, aspirin & clopidogrel)	237	Lt.MCA (susp.)	V	–
47	80	F	HT	215	Lt.MCA (susp.)	V	–
48	78	F	HT	175	Rt.MCA (susp.)	V	–
total	78			202

Post illness: HT; hypertension, HL; hyperlipidemia, TIA; transient ischemic attack, AP;angina pectoris, PTCA; percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

location: MCA; middle cerebral artery, A com; anterior communicating artery

The cause of death during Period I in all except one patient with stroke was the primary disease. This one patient (Patient 6) died of systemic embolism associated with cardiogenic stroke (Table 5).

A review of the appropriateness of treatment based on the Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2009²) and the treatment manual for the authors’ medical centre indicated no problems with the treatment of CI or SAH. However, in two patients with ICH, an investigation of the indications for surgery was considered necessary. The level of consciousness in both patients was a JCS score of 3 to 10. One patient (Patient 11) was undergoing antithrombotic therapy and had a hematoma volume of ≥50 ml at the time of admission, and the other patient (Patient 30) had difficult-to-control hypertension (Table 6).

Discussion

Initial treatment of acute stroke in SUs has reduced deaths due to stroke complications, leading to decreased mortality rates and shorter hospital stays.^5,6,9 The authors’ medical centre, which provides initial treatment to patients with acute stroke through an SCU, has a mortality rate of 6.0%; this is lower than previously reported rates of 20.9%, 12.1%, 10.47%, 10.1%, and 9.2%.^5–9 This low rate was achieved using a team-oriented medical approach within the SCU established at the authors’ medical centre in September 1997, providing a systematic approach to acute stroke care.¹²

The reported mortality rate among a large number of hospitals in Japan is 10.8%.¹³ The reported mortality rate for the acute period (within 30 days) in the USA is 10.47%.⁷ In New York state, the reported mortality rate ranges from 10.1% to 12.5%.⁸ These mortality rates resemble those in Japan. In other reports, the stroke mortality rates among 22 countries classified into 5 groups by area or economics were 4% in high-income countries (Australia, Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Iran, and Poland), 13% in South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru), 4% in Southeast Asia (China, Malaysia, and Philippines), 11% in India, and 22% in Africa (Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, and Uganda).¹⁴ In another study, the mortality-to-incidence ratio in different countries was <0.32 in Japan, China, Korea, Canada, and the USA; 0.32 to 0.35 in Mexico, Brazil, and Europe; and >0.36 in sub-Saharan Africa.¹⁵ Although the characteristics of patient registration differed among these reports, the mortality rates were low in Asia (including Japan), the USA, and Europe and high in India and sub-Saharan Africa. These results may be related to the medical environment in each country (e.g., medical system characteristics such as the number of doctors or hospitals, insurance systems, and economic conditions).

The present study revealed that deaths within 24 h after admission for acute stroke were significantly higher among patients with ICH than among those with SAH or CI. Although many patients are already not considered to be surgical candidates based on their level of consciousness at the initial evaluation, hematoma volume, and lesion site, it may be appropriate to consider surgery in patients with mild to moderate impairment of consciousness (JCS score of 3–20), depending on the lesion site, to improve the vital prognosis and functional prognosis.^16,17

Although retrospective in design, the present study identified 2 of 35 patients (5.7%) in whom the treatment strategy should have been reconsidered during SCU management and determination of the surgical indications. Both of these patients had ICH. The first (Patient 30) had untreated hypertension and liver dysfunction, an SBP of 230 mmHg on admission, and a hematoma size that was thought to have increased after confirmation of the diagnosis because of resistance to antihypertensive therapy. When controlling blood pressure in patients with ICH, a reduction in the SBP to <160 mmHg within 1.5 h after admission has been shown to significantly reduce hematoma expansion.^18,19 Strict management of SBP within the range of 120 to 160 mmHg also reportedly prevents hematoma expansion and poor outcomes.²⁰ Rapid, strict BP control is thus necessary in patients with untreated hypertension and liver dysfunction. The other patient (Patient 11) was undergoing antithrombotic therapy, and although the level of consciousness was only mildly impaired on admission (JCS score of 3), the hematoma volume on admission was 50 ml. Thus, if the vital prognosis alone had been considered, surgery might have been indicated.

The indications for surgery at our medical centre include lesions in the putamen, cerebellum, or subcortical area with a JCS score of ≤20, regardless of hematoma volume. A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of surgery showed significantly better outcomes of surgery when performed within 8 h of onset or for patients with a hematoma volume of 20 to 50 ml, Glasgow Coma Scale score of 9 to 12, or age of 50 to 69 years.¹⁷ However, one study reported no significant differences in outcomes between conservative treatment and early surgery.²¹ Therefore, in the absence of a definitive consensus, treatment is left to the discretion of the institution. A recent meta-analysis showed that minimally invasive surgery for treatment of initial supratentorial hematoma offers a significantly lower mortality rate than do internal medicine treatments or craniotomy.²² Aggressive treatment with minimally invasive surgery may therefore be effective.

Treatment of acute stroke includes intravenous alteplase, which is an rt-PA, within 4.5 h of stroke onset^23–25 or, in patients in whom an rt-PA is contraindicated or proves ineffective, use of a thrombus-retrieval device within 8 h of stroke onset.^26–29 Because of these limited indications, conventional treatments such as intravenous edaravone^23,24 are used for the many patients for whom these treatments are not indicated. Although this represents a limitation of treatment, the current study found a low rate of death within 24 h after admission. Investigation of deaths occurring ≥24 h after admission was therefore considered important, specifically to clarify treatment needs for improving the vital prognosis.

Treatment strategies for SAH can be determined according to the WFNS classification with respect to prevention of aneurysm rerupture,³² and the present study revealed no problems regarding treatment strategies for patients with SAH. Furthermore, the present findings suggest the importance of preventing SAH secondary to unruptured cerebral aneurysm. Detection of an unruptured cerebral aneurysm on brain screening examinations (e.g., the “Brain Dock,” a brain health checkup system in Japan) may represent an effective strategy.

This study investigated the clinical features of patients with acute stroke who died within 24 h after admission. A future study is planned to investigate patients who die within 72 h after admission and to identify associated factors.

Conclusion

The mortality rate among patients with stroke transported to the authors’ hospital within 24 h of onset was lower than in previous reports. Haemorrhagic stroke accounted for many of these deaths, with a significantly high rate of ICH. Blood pressure management and the time of determining indications for surgery are important factors in acute stroke care. Detection of unruptured cerebral aneurysms is considered an important prognostic factor in SAH.

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

The Authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Funding

This research received no specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

References

The Joint Committee on Guidelines for the Management of Stroke. Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2004. Tokyo, Kyouwakikaku; 2004 (Japanese).

Shinohara

. For readers (stroke specialists and general practitioners) of the Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke. Preface. J. Stroke Cerebrovasc. Dis 2011; 20(4 Suppl): S1–S6.

Working group on guidelines for intravenous rt-PA (alteplase) therapy, Committee For improvement of stroke therapy/social insurance, The Japan Stroke Society.[Guideline for appropriate treatment with intravenous rt-PA (alteplase) therapy 2013]. Jpn J Stroke 2012; 34: 441–480. (Japanese), https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jstroke/34/6/34_34.441/_article/-char/ja/.

Yamada

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Clinical features of patients who died within 24 h after admission to a stroke care center

Abstract

Objective

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Patients and methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Footnotes

Declaration of conflicting interest

Funding

References