Energy Imparted in Roentgen Diagnostic Procedures

Ahlgren L. : Personal communication 1976.

Alderson S. W. Lanzl L. H. Rollins M. Spira J. : An instrumented phantom system for analog computation of treatment plans. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 87 (1962), 185.

Ardran G. M. Crooks H. E. : Dose in diagnostic radiology. The effects of changes in kilovoltage and filtration. Brit. J. Radiol. 35 (1962), 172.

Ardran G. M. Crooks H. E. Checking diagnostic X-ray beam quality. Brit. J. Radiol. 41 (1968), 193.

Bengtsson G. Blomgren P.-G. Bergman K. Åberg L. : Patient exposures and radiation risks in Swedish diagnostic radiology. Report SSI: 1977–027. National Institute of Radiation Protection, Stockholm 1977.

Berry R. J. Oliver R. : Spoilt films in X-ray departments and radiation exposure to the public from medical radiology. Brit. J. Radiol. 49 (1976), 475.

Boijsen E. : Personal communication 1977.

Bonenkamp J. G. Boldingh W. Hondius : Quality and choice of Potter Bucky grids. II. Application of the criterion of quality to various types of grids. Acta radiol. 52 (1959), 149.

Carlsson C. : Grundlegende Physik für die Röntgendiagnostik. Radiologe 2 (1962), 395.

Carlsson C. Determination of integral absorbed dose from exposure measurements. Acta radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol. 1 (1963), 433.

Carlsson C. (a): Integral absorbed doses in roentgen diagnostic procedures. I. The dosemeter. Acta radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol. 3 (1965), 310.

Carlsson C. (b): Integral absorbed doses in roentgen diagnostic procedures. II. Measurement of integral doses in two roentgen diagnostic departments. Acta radiol. Ther. Phys. Biol. 3 (1965), 384.

Carlsson C. Radiation doses from roentgen-diagnostic procedures. In: Handbuch der medizinischen Radiologie. Vol. III, p. 640. Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1967.

Carlsson C. Kaude J. : Integral dose in 70 mm-fluorography of the gastrointestinal tract. Acta radiol. Diagnosis 8 (1967), 84. (Cited by Holm and Kaude, 1968.)

Chiba W. : Vergleichende Dosimetrie zwischen konventioneller Durchleuchtung und Bildverstärker-Fernsehkette im Röntgendiagnostik-Routinebetrieb. Röntgenpraxis 21 (1968), 235.

Cole J. L. : Image intensifiers. Brit. J. Radiol. 45 (1972), 157.

Drexler G. Gossrau M. : Verringerung der Dosisbelastung des Patienten bei Verwendung monochromatischer Röntgenstrahlung. In: Die Strahlenbelastung der Bevölkerung durch medizinisch-diagnostische Verwendung ionisierender Strahlen. Tagungsreferate der 7. Jahrestagung, Fachverband für Strahlenschutz, Bern 1973.

Ellis R. E. : Medical exposure. Growth with restraints. Proceedings of the Fourth International IRPA Congress, Paris 1977, p. 871.

Ellis R. E. Healey M. J. R. Shleien B. Tucker T. : A system for estimation of mean active bone marrow dose. DHEW Publication (FDA) 76–8015. Bureau of Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland, 1975.

Evans K. T. : Radiology now. The radiologist's dilemma. Brit. J. Radiol. 50 (1977), 299.

Fitzgerald M. White D. R. : A survey of patient doses arising from diagnostic X-ray examinations. Proceedings of the Third European IRPA Congress, Amsterdam 1975.

Frik W. : Röntgenfernsehen und Strahlenbelastung. Radiologe 4 (1964), 146.

Gursky S. : Ermittlung der Strahlenbelastung in der Röntgendiagnostik. Radiol. diagn. 15 (1974), 405.

Gustafsson M. : Integral absorbed doses in X-ray examinations of the gastrointestinal tract 1960 and 1974. Proceedings of the Third European IRPA Congress, Amsterdam 1975.

Gustafsson M. Energy imparted from roentgen diagnostic procedures in 1960 and 1975. Digest of the Ninth Nordic Meeting on Clinical Physics, Gothenburg 1977.

Hemmingson A. Jung B. : Linear attenuation coefficients for phantom materials simulating soft tissue. Acta radiol. Diagnosis 14 (1973), 333.

Henshaw E. T. : Some measurements of performance of X-ray image intensifier systems. In: Quality control in diagnostic radiology. Hospital Physicists' Association Conference Report Series 26. London 1977.

Holje G. Svahn G. : Personal communication 1974.

Holm T. : Personal communication 1977.

Holm T. Kaude J. : Ventrikelundersökning med bildförstärkarfluorografi. (In Swedish.) Läkartidningen 65 (1968), 359.

Boldingh W. Hondius : Graphische Ermittlung der Verluste an Primärstrahlung infolge unrichtiger Zentrierung und Bewegung von Streustrahlenblenden. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 89 (1958), 233.

Boldingh W. Hondius (a): Quality and choice of Potter Bucky grids. Parts IV and V. Acta radiol. 55 (1961), 225.

Boldingh W. Hondius (b): Quality and choice of Potter Bucky grids. Part VI. Acta radiol. 56 (1961), 202. International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP): Protection of the Patient in X-ray Diagnosis. ICRP Publication 16. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1970.

Boldingh W. Hondius Patient exposures in diagnostic radiology: Protection problems of current concern. Brit. J. Radiol. 46 (1973), 1086.

Boldingh W. Hondius Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Annals of the ICRP, Vol. 1, No. 3. Pergamon Press, Oxford 1977.

International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) : Methods of evaluating radiological equipment and materials. National Bureau of Standards Handbook 89. Washington 1963.

International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) Radiation dosimetry. X-rays generated at potentials of 5 to 150 keV. ICRU Report 17. Washington 1970.

Jones D. E. A. Raine H. C. : Letter to the Editor. Brit. J. Radiol. 22 (1949), 549.

Koen J. A. Weber J. : The genetically significant dose due to medical X-ray examinations in the Netherlands. Proceedings of the Third International IRPA Congress, Washington 1973.

Laser J. : Personal communication 1976.

Thapper K. Löfvander : Properties of medical X-ray film. Thesis. Lund 1977.

Löhr H. Vogel H. Reinhart J. Jantzen R. : Dosisunterschiede zwischen Röntgendiagnostik mit konventionellem Schirmbildgerät und mit einer Bildverstärker-Fernsehkette. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 126 (1977), 482.

McKinlay A. McCauley B. : Spoilt films in X-ray departments. Brit. J. Radiol. 50 (1977), 233.

Mika N. Reiss K. H. : Tabellen zur Röntgendiagnostik. Teil I, p. 26. Siemens AG, Bereich Medizinische Technik, Entwicklungsabteilung, Erlangen 1973.

National Board of Health and Welfare : Socialstyrelsen anser 1976: 4. Patientsäkerheten vid röntgenundersökningar. (In Swedish.) Liber, Stockholm 1976.

Nielsen B. : Undersökning av uranraster. (In Swedish.) Report LIH-RAD-R-002, 1973.

Nielsen B. Personal communication 1976.

Nikl I. : The effect of X-ray quality and ovarian location on genetic exposure in gynecological examinations. Brit. J. Radiol. 39 (1966), 607.

Otto V. : Male youths. A Socio-psychiatric study of a total annual population of Swedish adolescent boys. Acta psychiat. scand. (1976) Suppl. No. 264.

Rao G. U. V. Clark R. L. Gayler B. W. : Radiographic magnification. A critical, theoretical and practical analysis. Appl. Radiol. 2 (1973), 37.

Rasmussen T. : Personal communication 1976.

Reinsma K. : The inherent filtration of X-ray tubes. Radiology 74 (1960), 971.

Reiss K. H. Steinle B. : Tabellen zur Röntgendiagnostik. Teil II, p. 48. Siemens AG, Bereich Medizinische Technik, Entwicklungsabteilung, Erlangen 1973.

Schoen D. : Beziehungen zwischen Flächenionisationswert und Skrotaldosis bei Durchleuchtungen der Thorax- und Abdominalorgane. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 105 (1966), 213.

Schott O. : Die Auswirkung technischer Neuerungen auf die Patientendosis in der Röntgendiagnostik. Radiologe 10 (1970), 353.

Sobol I. S. : Radiation loadings in roentgenological investigations. (In Russian.) Med. Radiol. 20 (1975), 26.

Sorensen J. A. Nelson J. A. : Investigations of moving-slit radiography. Radiology 120 (1976), 705.

Stables D. P. Rossi R. P. Caruthers S. B. Anderson N. : The application of fast screen-film systems to excretory urography. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 128 (1977), 617.

Stenseng J. K. : Personal communication 1976.

Stieve F. E. : Die Dosisbelastung bei der Bildverstärkerdurchleuchtung. Radiologe 10 (1970), 357.

Stieve F. E. Neue technologische Entwicklung in Konkurrenz mit der Röntgendiagnostik um die zivilisatorische Strahlenbelastung des Menschen. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 125 (1976), 97.

Storm E. Israel H. I. : Photon cross sections from 1 keV to 100 MeV for elements Z = 1 to Z = 100. Nuclear data tables, Vol. 7, p. 565. Academic Press, New York 1970.

Strid K.-G. : Analysis of secondary screening with special reference to grids for abdominal radiography. Acta radiol. (1976) Suppl. No. 351.

Svahn G. (a): Diagnostic X-ray spectra. Thesis. Lund 1977.

Svahn G. (b): Personal communication 1977.

Taylor F. E. : Costs and benefits of rare earth screens. Brit. J. Radiol. 50 (1977), 294.

Telichko F. F. Zimomrya Y. I. Samodai A. F. Yazykov A. S. : The mean integral absorbed doses in the organs of patients subjected to roentgenological procedures. (In Russian.) Vestn. Rentgenol. Radiol. 49 (1974), 75.

Trout E. D. Kelley J. P. Cathey G. A. : The use of filters to control radiation exposure to the patient in diagnostic roentgenology. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 67 (1952), 946.

Trout E. D. Kelley J. P. Cathey G. A. Lucas A. C. : Determination of half-value layer. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 84 (1960), 729.

Lucas A. C. The effect of kilovoltage and filtration on depth dose. In: Technological needs for reduction of patient dosage from diagnostic radiology. Edited by Janower M. L. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill. 1963.

Janower M. L. Larson V. L. : A comparison of an air gap and a grid in roentgenography of the chest. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 124 (1975), 404.

Villforth J. C. : Estimates of gonadal and genetically significant dose from diagnostic X-radiation in United States, 1964 and 1970. Proceedings of the Third European IRPA Congress, Amsterdam 1975.

Wachsmann F. Dimotsis A. : Kurven und Tabellen für die Strahlentherapie. S. Hirzel Verlag. Stuttgart 1957.

Widenmann L. : Untersuchungen über die Abhängigkeit der Filmschwärzung mit handelsüblichen Verstärkerfolien von der Strahlenqualität. Fortschr. Röntgenstr. 87 (1957), 387.