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Abstract

Background

Successful cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) requires appropriate left ventricular (LV) lead placement on a suitable segment of the free LV wall. Current guidelines suggest targeted lead placement, but the individual anatomy of the cardiac veins is often a limiting factor.

Purpose

To map cardiac veins with multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and plot the veins in cardiac segments to facilitate successful CRT implantation.

Material and Methods

Ninety-nine patients were included (mean age = 68 ± 9 years; 26% women; 46% ischemic cardiomyopathy). Contrast-enhanced, ECG-gated, dose-modulated MDCT was used to depict the coronary veins. CT data were reformatted into short-axis view. Veins with diameter ≥1.5 mm and traversing the free LV wall were manually transferred into a 17-segment bulls-eye plot model.

Results

In 98 patients, a CT scan with acceptable image quality was obtained. Median radiation dose as dose-length protocol was 231 mGy/cm (interquartile range = 276 mGy/cm). Mean contrast dose, expressed as total iodine load, was 38 ± 8 g. A median of three suitable veins (range = 1–7) covered a mean of 4.4 ± 1.5 relevant LV segments. There was no difference between patients with dilated or ischemic cardiomyopathy in number of veins (2.5 vs. 2.7, P = 0.45) or in number of cardiac segments traversed by suitable veins (4.4 vs. 4.5, P = 0.74).

Conclusion

In CRT patients, MDCT can be used for preoperative mapping of the cardiac veins to assess availability of suitable veins in potential target segments for pacemaker-lead placement. Using the 17-segment plot of the left ventricle may improve the clinical usefulness of the data.

Keywords

Cardiac resynchronization therapy heart failure multidetector computed tomography coronary sinus anatomy

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Preoperative CT of cardiac veins for planning left ventricular lead placement in cardiac resynchronization therapy