This article is an application of the postmodern characteristics of simultaneity, chaos, unintended consequences, and multiple realities to the Exxon Valdez disaster. After postmodernity is applied to the Exxon Valdez case-study, the changes in contingency planning, prevention, and response that have occurred since 1989, and their implications for the Pacific Rim, are reviewed. The theme of the paper is the use of differences for problem solving in emergencies.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
BaderGary. 1992. Personal interview.Alyeska Pipeline Service Company. Valdez, Alaska.
2.
BrowningLarry D.1988. “Interpreting the Challenger Disaster: Communications Under Conditions of Risk and Liability.” Industrial Crisis Quarterly2: 211–227.
3.
BrowningLarry D. Forthcoming. “Communication Under Conditions of Litigation Risk: A Grounded Theory of Plausible Deniability in the Iran-Contra Affair” in The Legalistic Organization, edited by SitkinSim, and BiesBob. Newbury Park, California: Sage.
4.
ClarkeLee. 1990. “Power and Organizational Risk Perception, with Special Emphasis on the Exxon Oil Spill.” New Brunswick, New Jersey: Department of Sociology, Rutgers University. Unpublished.
5.
CohnRuth E., WallaceWilliam A., and HanaldJohn R.. 1991. “Organizing for Response: The Unresolved Problem.” Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference. San Diego, California.
6.
DeleuzeGilles, and GuattariFelix. 1987. A Thousand Plateaus.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
7.
FeldmanAmy. 1992. “Aloha?” Forbes (May 3).
8.
FinetDayna. 1992. “Freedom of Expression in the Organization: A Case Study of its Sociopolitical Consequences.” Austin, Texas: Department of Speech Communication, University of Texas. Unpublished.
9.
GeertzClifford. 1988. Works and Lives: The Anthropologist as Author.Cambridge: Polity Press-Basil Blackwell.
10.
GleickJames. 1988. Chaos: Making a New Science.New York: Viking.
11.
HardyQuentin. 1991. “Japanese-U.S. Group Wins a Contract to Study Development of Oil off Siberia.” Wall Street Journal (January 29).
12.
KelsoDennis. 1989. “Oily Warnings from Alaska.” California Waterfront Age.Oakland, California: Slate Coastal Conservancy. (Summer) v. 5 no. 3.
13.
KraarLouis. 1991. “How Americans Win in Asia.” Fortune. (October 7).
14.
Lindstedt-SivaJune. 1991 “U.S. Oil Spill Policy Hampers Response and Hurls Science.” Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference. San Diego, California.
15.
LoyeD., and EislerR.. 1987. “Chaos and Transformation: Implications of Non-equilibrium Theory for Social Science and Society.” Behavioral Science32: 53–65.
16.
LyotardJean-Francois. 1991. The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge.Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
17.
McGuireDennis. 1992. Personal interview. United Slates Coast Guard.Anchorage, Alaska.
18.
MeganickChief Waller. 1989. In “The Day the Water Died: A Compilation of the November 1989 Cilizens Commission Hearing on the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill,” Edited by LevkovitzTheaAlaska Natural Resource Center, National Wildlife Federation, Anchorage, Alaska.
19.
MeidtRichard M.1991. “Public Perceptions in Spill Response.” Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference. San Diego, California.
20.
MintzbergHenry, and McHughAlexander. 1985. “Strategy Formation in an Adhocracy.” Administrative Science Quarterly30: 160–197.
21.
NobleJohn M.1991. “Crisis Management During an Oil Spill Response.” Proceedings of the 1991 International Oil Spill Conference. San Diego, California.
22.
NormanJames R.1991. “Old Wells, New Debt.” Forbes (May 29).
23.
Oiled Mayors Report.1990. “Economic, Social, and Psychological Impact Assessment of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill.” Anchorage, Alaska: Oiled Mayors Subcommittee, Alaska Conference of Mayors.
PeitgenHeinz-Otto, and SaupeDietmar (eds.). 1988. The Science of Fractal Images.New York: Springer-Verlag.
26.
PerrowCharles. 1981. “Normal Accident at Three Mile Island.” Society18: 5.
27.
PerrowCharles. 1984. Normal Accidents: Living with High Risk Technologies.New York: Basic Books.
28.
PetersTom, and WatermanR.. 1982. In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best Run Companies.New York: Harper and Row.
29.
Prevent/Respond.1991. “New Regulations for Oil Spill Contingency Plans.” Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation. (March).
30.
RichterCeceile Kay. 1990. “T/V Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Chronology.” Volume IV, Appendix N, Alaska Oil Spill Commission. Anchorage, Alaska. (February).
31.
RoosL.L., and HallRoger. 1980. “Influence Diagrams and Organizational Power.” Administrative Science Quarterly25: 57–71.
32.
SeegerMatthew. 1991. “Technological Transfer and Environmental Sensitivity: The Case of Union Carbide in Bhopal, India.” Unpublished. Detroit, Michigan: Department of Communication, Wayne State University.
33.
ShetlerJudy C.1991. “Making Face a Choice: The Riskiness of Risk.” A paper presented to the Alta Conference on interpretative approaches to organizational communication, Salt Lake City, Utah.
34.
ShrivastavaPaul. 1987. Bhopal: Anatomy of a Crisis.Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.
35.
Wall Street Journal.1991. “Exxon to Form Division.” (October 9).
36.
WeickKarl E.1980. “Loosely Coupled Systems: Relaxed Meanings and Thick Interpretations.” Unpublished. New York: Cornell University.
37.
WeickKarl E.1990. Personal communication.
38.
WeickKarl E., and BrowningLarry D.. 1991. “Fixing With the Voice: A Research Agenda for Applied Communication.” Journal of Applied Communication Research. (June): 1–19.