Individual and Household Response to Tornadoes

Aguirre B. E. 1988. “The Lack Of Warnings Before the Saragosa Tornado.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 6, 65–74. Available at www.ijmed.org.

Aguirre B. E. , Anderson W. A. , Balandran S. , Peters B. E. , and White M. H. 1991. The Saragosa, Texas, Tornado. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Balluz L. , Schieve L. , Holmes T. , Kiezak S. , and Malilay J. 2000. “Predictors for Persons’ Response to a Tornado Warning: Arkansas, 1 March 1997.” Disasters, 24, 71–77.

Blanchard-Boehm R. D. , and Cook M. J. 2004. “Risk Communication and Public Education in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada on the 10th Anniversary of the ‘Black Friday’ Tornado.” International Research in Geographical and Environmental Education, 13, 38–54.

Brown S. , Archer P. , Kruger E. , and Mallonee S. 2002. “Tornado-related Deaths and Injuries in Oklahoma Due to the 3 May 1999 Tornadoes.” Weather and Forecasting, 17, 343–353.

Carter A.O. , Millson M.E. , and Allen D.E. 1989. “Epidemiologic Study of Deaths and Injuries Due to Tornadoes.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 130, 1209–1218.

Comstock R.D. , and Mallonee S. 2005. “Comparing Reactions To Two Severe Tornadoes In One Oklahoma Community.” Disasters, 29, 277–287.

Cox J. , House D. , and Lindell M.K. 2013. “Visualizing Uncertainty in Predicted Hurricane Tracks.” International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification, 3, 143–156.

Dow K. , and Cutter S.L. 1998. “Crying Wolf: Repeat Responses to Hurricane Evacuation Orders.” Coastal Management, 26, 237–252.

Drabek T. E. 1986. Human System Responses to Disaster: An Inventory of Sociological Findings. New York: Springer-Verlag.

Friedsam H. 1961. “Reactions of Older Persons to Disaster Caused Losses: An Hypothesis of Relative Deprivation.” The Gerontologist, 1, 34–37.

Glass R.I. , Craven R.B. , Bregman D.J. , Stoll B.J. , Horowitz N. , and Winkle J. 1980. “Injuries from the Wichita Falls Tornado: Implications for Prevention. Science, 207(4432), 734–738.

Goldstein I.L. , and Ford K. 2004. Training in Organizations, 4th ed. Pacific Grove CA: Brooks/Cole.

Hammer B.O. , and Schmidlin T.W. 2001. “Vehicle-occupant Deaths Caused by Tornadoes in the United States, 1900–1998.” Environmental Hazards, 2, 105–118.

Hammer B. , and Schmidlin T.W. 2002. “Response to Warnings During the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma City Tornado: Reasons and Relative Injury Rates.” Weather and Forecasting, 17: 577–581.

Hanson S. , Vitek J. , and Hanson P. 1979. “The Long Range Impact of a Natural Disaster on Human Response to Future Disaster Threats.” Environment and Behavior, 11, 268–284.

Hodler T. W. 1982. “Residents’ Preparedness and Response to the Kalamazoo Tornado.” Disasters, 6, 44–49.

Huang S.K. , Lindell M.K. , Prater C.S. , Wu H.C. , and Siebeneck L.K. 2012. “Household Evacuation Decision Making in Response to Hurricane Ike.” Natural Hazards Review, 13, 283–296.

Legates D.R. , and Biddle M.D. 1999. Warning Response and Risk Behavior in the Oak Grove –Birmingham, Alabama, Tornado of 8 April 1998. Natural Hazards Center Quick Response Report 116. Boulder CO: University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center. Available at www.colorado.edu/hazards. Accessed 23 Feb 2011.

Lindell M.K. , and Perry R.W. 1987. “Warning Mechanisms in Emergency Response Systems.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 5, 137–153. Available at www.ijmed.org.

Lindell M.K. , and Perry R.W. 1992. Behavioral Foundations of Community Emergency Planning. Washington DC: Hemisphere Press.

Lindell M.K. , and Perry R.W. 2004. Communicating Environmental Risk in Multiethnic Communities. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage.

Lindell M.K. , and Perry R.W. 2012. “The Protective Action Decision Model: Theoretical Modifications and Additional Evidence.” Risk Analysis, 32, 616–632.

Lindell M.K. , Prater C.S. , and Peacock W.G. 2007. “Organizational Communication and Decision Making in Hurricane Emergencies.” Natural Hazards Review, 8, 50–60.

Liu S. , Quenemoen L.E. , Malilay J. , Noji E. , Sinks T. , and Mendlein J. 1996. “Assessment of a Severe-Weather Warning System and Disaster Preparedness, Calhoun County, Alabama, 1994.” American Journal of Public Health, 86, 87–89.

Mitchem J. D. 2003 An Analysis of the September 20, 2002, Indianapolis Tornado: Public Response to a Tornado Warning and Damage Assessment Difficulties, Natural Hazards Center Quick Response Report # 161. Boulder CO: University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center. Available at www.colorado.edu/hazards. Accessed 23 Feb 2011.

Schmidlin T.M. , and King P.S. 1995. “Risk Factors for Death in the 27 March 1994 Georgia and Alabama Tornadoes.” Disasters, 19, 170–177.

Schmidlin T.M. , King P.S. , Hammer B.O. , and Ono Y. 1998. Risk Factors for Death in the 22–23 February 1998 Florida Tornadoes. Boulder, CO: Natural Hazards Research Applications and Information Center, Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado.

Simmons K.M. , and Sutter D. 2007. The Groundhog Day Florida Tornadoes: A Case Study Of High-Vulnerability Tornadoes. Quick Response Report 193. Boulder CO: University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center. Available at www.colorado.edu/hazards. Accessed 23 Feb 2011.

Simmons K.M. , and Sutter D. 2005. “WSR-88D Radar, Tornado Warnings, and Tornado Casualties.” Weather and Forecasting, 20, 301–310.

Simmons K.M. , and Sutter D. 2008. “Tornado Warnings, Lead Times and Tornado Casualties: An Empirical Investigation.” Weather and Forecasting, 23, 246–258.

Simmons K.M. , and Sutter D. 2009. “False Alarms, Tornado Warnings, and Tornado Casualties.” Weather, Climate and Society, 1, 38–53.

Simmons K.M. , and Sutter D. 2011. Economic and Societal Impacts of Tornadoes. Boston: American Meteorological Society Press.

Sorensen J. H. 2000. “Hazard Warning Systems: Review of 20 Years of Progress.” Natural Hazards Review, 1, 119–125.

Tiefenbacher J.P. , Monfredo W. , Shuey M. , and Cecora R.J. 2001. Examining a “Near-Miss” Experience: Awareness, Behavior, and Post-Disaster Response Among Residents on the Periphery of a Tornado-Damage Path. Quick Response Report 137. Boulder CO: University of Colorado Natural Hazards Center. Available at www.colorado.edu/hazards. Accessed 23 Feb 2011.

Tierney K.J. , Lindell M.K. , and Perry R.W. 2001. Facing the Unexpected: Disaster Preparedness and Response in the United States. Washington DC: Joseph Henry Press.

Wu H-C. , Lindell M.K. , Prater C.S. , and Samuelson C.D. in press. “Effects of Track and Threat Information on Judgments of Hurricane Strike Probability.” Risk Analysis.