Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Examining what people ‘hear’ in silent reading may advance our understanding of how poetry evokes emotions. Integrating different perspectives on affective language processing, both in social interactions and in fiction, the present paper introduces a new model of poetry-elicited emotions. In particular, we argue for separating the auditory simulation of the written text from other multisensory simulations that may arise during reading. Finally, we review emerging empirical findings in support of our model and outline several directions for future research.

Keywords

poetry emotion auditory imagery mental imagery language

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abramson

Goldinger

S. D.

(1997). What the reader’s eye tells the mind’s ear: Silent reading activates inner speech. Perception & Psychophysics, 59(7), 1059–1068. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03205520

Alderson-Day

Bernini

Fernyhough

(2017). Uncharted features and dynamics of reading: Voices, characters, and crossing of experiences. Consciousness and Cognition, 49, 98–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.01.003

Alexander

J. D.

Nygaard

L. C.

(2008). Reading voices and hearing text: Talker-specific auditory imagery in reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 34(2), 446–459. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.34.2.446

Allbutt

Ling

Heffernan

T. M.

Shafiullah

(2008). Self-report imagery questionnaire scores and subtypes of social-desirable responding. Journal of Individual Differences, 29(4), 181–188. https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.29.4.181

Allbutt

Ling

Rowley

Shafiullah

(2011). Vividness of visual imagery and social desirable responding: Correlations of the vividness of visual imagery questionnaire with the balanced inventory of desirable responding and the Marlowe–Crowne scale. Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 791–799. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0086-8

Allbutt

Ling

Shafiullah

(2005). The relationship between self-report imagery questionnaire scores and sub-types of socially desirable responding: Components of visual imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 25(4), 337–353. https://doi.org/10.2190/Y067-0726-M45W-37W8

Andrade

May

Deeprose

Baugh

S.-J.

Ganis

(2014). Assessing vividness of mental imagery: The plymouth sensory imagery questionnaire. British Journal of Psychology, 105(4), 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12050

Auracher

Albers

Zhai

Gareeva

Stavniychuk

(2010). P Is for Happiness, N Is for Sadness: Universals in Sound Iconicity to Detect Emotions in Poetry. Discourse Processes, 48(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/01638531003674894

Baddeley

Eldridge

Lewis

(1981). The role of subvocalisation in reading. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33(4), 439–454. https://doi.org/10.1080/14640748108400802

10.

Baddeley

A. D.

Hitch

(1974). Working memory (G. H. Bower, Ed., Vol. 8, pp. 47–89). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-7421(08)60452-1

11.

Bailes

F. A.

(2006). The use of experience-sampling methods to monitor musical imagery in everyday life. Musicae Scientiae, 10(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/102986490601000202

12.

Bayer

Sommer

Schacht

(2010). Reading emotional words within sentences: The impact of arousal and valence on event-related potentials. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 78(3), 299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.09.004

13.

Beaty

R. E.

Burgin

C. J.

Nusbaum

E. C.

Kwapil

T. R.

Hodges

D. A.

Silvia

P. J.

(2013). Music to the inner ears: Exploring individual differences in musical imagery. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1163–1173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.07.006

14.

Belfi

A. M.

Vessel

E. A.

Starr

G. G.

(2018). Individual ratings of vividness predict aesthetic appeal in poetry. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 12(3), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000153

15.

Blajenkova

Kozhevnikov

Motes

M. A.

(2006). Object-spatial imagery: A new self-report imagery questionnaire. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 20(2), 239–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1171

16.

Brinthaupt

Thomas M

Hein

M. B.

Kramer

T. E.

(2009). The self-talk scale: Development, factor analysis, and validation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 91(1), 82–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223890802484498

17.

Campos

Fuentes

(2016). Musical studies and the vividness and clarity of auditory imagery. Imagination, Cognition and Personality, 36(1), 75–84. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276236616635985

18.

Cattaneo

Bona

Silvanto

(2012). Cross-adaptation combined with TMS reveals a functional overlap between vision and imagery in the early visual cortex. NeuroImage, 59(3), 3015–3020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.10.022

19.

Cavanna

A. E.

Trimble

M. R.

(2006). The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain, 129(3), 564–583. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl004

20.

Clark

Williamon

(2012). Imagining the music: Methods for assessing musical imagery ability. Psychology of Music, 40(4), 471–493. https://doi.org/10.1177/0305735611401126

21.

Coutinho

Dibben

(2013). Psychoacoustic cues to emotion in speech prosody and music. Cognition & Emotion, 27(4), 658–684. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.732559

22.

Cuff

B. M. P.

Brown

S. J.

Taylor

Howat

D. J.

(2016). Empathy: A review of the concept. Emotion Review, 8(2), 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914558466

23.

Dawes

A. J.

Keogh

Pearson

(2024). Multisensory subtypes of aphantasia: Mental imagery as supramodal perception in reverse. Neuroscience Research, 201, 50–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2023.11.009

24.

Day

Frayling

Wood

Zeman

(2022). 130 Does visual imagery vividness have a genetic basis? A genome-wide associa- tion study of 1019 individuals. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 93(6), A51–A51. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2022-ABN.163

25.

Delamillieure

Doucet

Mazoyer

Turbelin

M.-R.

Delcroix

Mellet

, … Joliot

(2010). The resting state questionnaire: An introspective questionnaire for evaluation of inner experience during the conscious resting state. Brain Research Bulletin, 81(6), 565–573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.11.014

26.

Eerola

Vuoskoski

J. K.

(2013). A review of music and emotion studies: Approaches, emotion models, and stimuli. Music Perception, 30(3), 307–340. https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2012.30.3.307

27.

Farah

M. J.

Smith

A. F.

(1983). Perceptual interference and facilitation with auditory imagery. Perception & Psychophysics, 33(5), 475–478. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03202899

28.

Fedorenko

Patel

Casasanto

Winawer

Gibson

(2009). Structural integration in language and music: Evidence for a shared system. Memory & Cognition, 37(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3758/mc.37.1.1

29.

Filik

Barber

(2011). Inner speech during silent Reading reflects the reader’s regional accent. PLoS ONE, 6(10), e25782. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025782

30.

Floridou

G. A.

Müllensiefen

(2015). Environmental and mental conditions predicting the experience of involuntary musical imagery: An experience sampling method study. Consciousness and Cognition, 33, 472–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2015.02.012

31.

Fontaine

J. R. J.

Scherer

K. R.

Roesch

E. B.

Ellsworth

P. C.

(2007). The world of emotions is not two-dimensional. Psychological Science, 18(12), 1050–1057. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.02024.x

32.

Gafni

Tsur

(2021). Studying emotive effects in poetry by quantifying open-ended impressions. Empirical Studies of the Arts, 39(2), 216–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/0276237420984718

33.

Gendron

Barrett

L. F.

(2009). Reconstructing the past: A century of ideas about emotion in psychology. Emotion Review, 1(4), 316–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073909338877

34.

Gross

Millett

A. L.

Bartek

Bredell

K. H.

Winegard

(2014). Evidence for prosody in silent Reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 49(2), 189–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.67

35.

Gross

J. J.

(2014). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In Gross

J.J.

(Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed., pp. 3–20). Guilford Press. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2007-01392-001 .

36.

Gunraj

D. N.

Klin

C. M.

(2012). Hearing story characters’ voices: Auditory imagery during Reading. Discourse Processes, 49(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163853X.2012.657755

37.

Halpern

A. R.

(1992). Musical aspects of auditory imagery. In D. Reisberg (Ed.), Auditory imagery (pp. 1–27). Erlbaum.

38.

Halpern

A. R.

(2015). Differences in auditory imagery self-report predict neural and behavioral outcomes. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 25(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1037/pmu0000081

39.

Hanauer

(2001). What we know about reading poetry. The Psychology and Sociology of Literature, 35, 107–128. https://doi.org/10.1075/upal.35.08han

40.

Harlow

H. F.

Stagner

(1932). Psychology of feelings and emotions: I. Theory of feelings. Psychological Review, 39(6), 570. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0072961

41.

Harris

C. L.

Ayçiçeği

Gleason

J. B.

(2003). Taboo words and reprimands elicit greater autonomic reactivity in a first language than in a second language. Applied Psycholinguistics, 24(4), 561–579. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716403000286

42.

Hinojosa

J. A.

Moreno

E. M.

Ferré

(2020). Affective neurolinguistics: Towards a framework for reconciling language and emotion. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(7), 813–839. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1620957

43.

Hinwar

R. P.

Lambert

A. J.

(2021). Anauralia: The silent mind and its association with aphantasia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 744213. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744213

44.

Hubbard

T. L.

(2010). Auditory imagery: Empirical findings. Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 302–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018436

45.

Hubbard

T. L.

(2018). Some methodological and conceptual considerations in studies of auditory imagery. Auditory Perception & Cognition, 1(1–2), 6–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/25742442.2018.1499001

46.

Hurlburt

R. T.

Heavey

C. L.

Kelsey

J. M.

(2013). Toward a phenomenology of inner speaking. Consciousness and Cognition, 22(4), 1477–1494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.10.003

47.

Johnson-Laird

P. N.

Oatley

(2022). How poetry evokes emotions. Acta Psychologica, 224, 103506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103506

48.

Juslin

P. N.

(2013). From everyday emotions to aesthetic emotions: Towards a unified theory of musical emotions. Physics of Life Reviews, 10(3), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plrev.2013.05.008

49.

Kay

Keogh

Andrillon

Pearson

(2022). The pupillary light response as a physiological index of aphantasia, sensory and phenomenological imagery strength. eLife, 11, e72484. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.72484

50.

Korba

R. J.

(1990). The rate of inner speech. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71(3), 1043–1052. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1990.71.3.1043

51.

Kosslyn

S. M.

Ganis

Thompson

W. L.

(2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2(9), 635–642. https://doi.org/10.1038/35090055

52.

Kosslyn

S. M.

Pascual-Leone

Felician

Camposano

Keenan

J. P.

Thompson

W. L.

, … Alpert

N. M.

(1999). The role of area 17 in visual imagery: Convergent evidence from PET and rTMS. Science, 284(5411), 167–170. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.284.5411.167

53.

Kraxenberger

Menninghaus

(2017). Affinity for Poetry and Aesthetic Appreciation of Joyful and Sad Poems. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 278. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.02051

54.

Kreibig

S. D.

(2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010

55.

Kunkel

Filik

Mackenzie

I. G.

Leuthold

(2018). Task-dependent evaluative processing of moral and emotional content during comprehension: An ERP study. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 18(2), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-018-0577-5

56.

Kurby

C. A.

Magliano

J. P.

Rapp

D. N.

(2009). Those voices in your head: Activation of auditory images during reading. Cognition, 112(3), 457–461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.05.007

57.

Kvamme

T. L.

Lumaca

Zana

Paunovic

Silvanto

Sandberg

(2024). Vividness of Visual Imagery Supported by Intrinsic Structural-Functional Brain Network Dynamics. bioRxiv, 2024.03. 02.582470

58.

LeDoux

J. E.

Hofmann

S. G.

(2018). The subjective experience of emotion: A fearful view. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 19, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.09.011

59.

Leinenger

(2014). Phonological coding during reading. Psychological Bulletin, 140(6), 1534–1555. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037830

60.

Wang

Kornrumpf

Sommer

Dimigen

(2024). Parafoveal and foveal N400 effects in natural reading: A timeline of semantic processing from fixation-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 61(5), e14524. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.14524

61.

Lüdtke

Meyer-Sickendieck

Jacobs

A. M.

(2014). Immersing in the stillness of an early morning: Testing the mood empathy hypothesis of poetry reception. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 8(3), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0036826

62.

Magyari

Mangen

Kuzmičová

Jacobs

A. M.

Lüdtke

(2020). Eye movements and mental imagery during reading of literary texts with different narrative styles. Journal of Eye Movement Research, 13(3), 10.16910/jemr.13.3.3. https://doi.org/10.16910/jemr.13.3.3

63.

Majid

(2012). Current emotion research in the language sciences. Emotion Review, 4(4), 432–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912445827

64.

Mak

Willems

R. M.

(2019). Mental simulation during literary reading: Individual differences revealed with eye-tracking. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 34(4), 511–535. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2018.1552007

65.

Mak

Willems

R. M.

(2021). Mental simulation during literary Reading. In Kuiken

Jacobs

A. M.

(Eds.), Handbook of empirical literary studies (pp. 63–84). De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110645958-004

66.

Maki

P. M.

Mordecai

K. L.

Rubin

L. H.

Sundermann

Savarese

Eatough

Drogos

(2015). Menstrual cycle effects on cortisol responsivity and emotional retrieval following a psychosocial stressor. Hormones and Behavior, 74, 201–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.023

67.

Mar

R. A.

Oatley

(2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(3), 173–192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00073.x

68.

Mar

R. A.

Oatley

Djikic

Mullin

(2011). Emotion and narrative fiction: Interactive influences before, during, and after reading. Cognition and Emotion, 25(5), 818–833. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.515151

69.

Mauss

I. B.

Robinson

M. D.

(2009). Measures of emotion: A review. Cognition & Emotion, 23(2), 209–237. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930802204677

70.

McCarthy-Jones

Fernyhough

(2011). The varieties of inner speech: Links between quality of inner speech and psychopathological variables in a sample of young adults. Consciousness and Cognition, 20(4), 1586–1593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.005

71.

McNorgan

(2012). A meta-analytic review of multisensory imagery identifies the neural correlates of modality-specific and modality-general imagery. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00285

72.

Menninghaus

Wagner

Wassiliwizky

Jacobsen

Knoop

C. A.

(2017). The emotional and aesthetic powers of parallelistic diction. Poetics, 63, 47–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2016.12.001

73.

Meyer

(2011). Primary sensory cortices, top-down projections and conscious experience. Progress in Neurobiology, 94(4), 408–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.05.010

74.

Miu

A. C.

Balteş

F. R.

(2012). Empathy manipulation impacts music-induced emotions: A psychophysiological study on opera. PloS One, 7(1), e30618. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0030618

75.

Monzel

Mitchell

Macpherson

Pearson

Zeman

(2022). Aphantasia, dysikonesia, anauralia: Call for a single term for the lack of mental imagery–commentary on Dance et al. (2021) and Hinwar and Lambert (2021). Cortex, 150, 149–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2022.02.002

76.

Moors

Ellsworth

P. C.

Scherer

K. R.

Frijda

N. H.

(2013). Appraisal theories of emotion: State of the art and future development. Emotion Review, 5(2), 119–124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912468165

77.

Nanay

(2018). Multimodal mental imagery. Cortex, 105, 125–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.006

78.

Oatley

(2002). Emotions and the story worlds of fiction. In Green

M.C.

Strange

J.J.

Brock

T.C.

(Eds.), Narrative Impact: Social and Cognitive Foundations (Vol. 39, pp. 69). Psychology Press.

79.

Obermeier

Kotz

S. A.

Jessen

Raettig

von Koppenfels

Menninghaus

(2016). Aesthetic appreciation of poetry correlates with ease of processing in event-related potentials. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 16(2), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0396-x

80.

Obermeier

Menninghaus

Von Koppenfels

Raettig

Schmidt-Kassow

Otterbein

Kotz

S. A.

(2013). Aesthetic and emotional effects of meter and rhyme in poetry. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00010

81.

Okawa

Suefusa

Tanaka

(2017). Neural Entrainment to Auditory Imagery of Rhythms. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 11, 34. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00493

82.

Patel

A. D.

(2003). Rhythm in language and music. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 999(1), 140–143. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1284.015

83.

Pearson

Kosslyn

S. M.

(2015). The heterogeneity of mental representation: Ending the imagery debate. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(33), 10089–10092. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1504933112

84.

Pearson

Rademaker

R. L.

Tong

(2011). Evaluating the mind’s eye: The metacognition of visual imagery. Psychological Science, 22(12), 1535–1542. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611417134

85.

Pell

M. D.

Jaywant

Monetta

Kotz

S. A.

(2011). Emotional speech processing: Disentangling the effects of prosody and semantic cues. Cognition and Emotion, 25(5), 834–853. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2010.516915

86.

Petrone

Carbone

Champagne-Lavau

(2016). Effects of emotional prosody on skin conductance responses in French. Speech Prosody, 2016, 425–429. https://doi.org/10.21437/SpeechProsody.2016-87

87.

Pinsky

(1999). The sounds of poetry: A brief guide. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

88.

Pitt

M. A.

Crowder

R. G.

(1992). The role of spectral and dynamic cues in imagery for musical timbre. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18(3), 728. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.18.3.728

89.

Pițur

Miu

A. C.

(2022). Poetry-elicited emotions: Reading experience and psychological mechanisms. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, No Pagination Specified–No Pagination Specified. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000525

90.

Proverbio

A. M.

Tacchini

Jiang

(2023). What do you have in mind? ERP markers of visual and auditory imagery. Brain and Cognition, 166, 105954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105954

91.

Rademaker

R. L.

Pearson

(2012). Training Visual Imagery: Improvements of Metacognition, but not Imagery Strength. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00224

92.

Sander

(2013). Models of emotion. In Armony

Vuilleumier

(Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of human affective neuroscience (pp. 5–56). Cambridge University Press.

93.

Schaefer

R. S.

Desain

Suppes

(2009). Structural decomposition of EEG signatures of melodic processing. Biological Psychology, 82(3), 253–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.08.004

94.

Schindler

Hosoya

Menninghaus

Beermann

Wagner

Eid

Scherer

K. R.

(2017). Measuring aesthetic emotions: A review of the literature and a new assessment tool. PLOS ONE, 12(6), e0178899. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178899

95.

Schwarzkopf

D. S.

(2024). What is the true range of mental imagery? Cortex, 170, 21–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.013

96.

Seal

Aleman

McGuire

(2004). Compelling imagery, unanticipated speech and deceptive memory: Neurocognitive models of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546800344000156

97.

Siegrist

(1995). Inner Speech as a Cognitive Process Mediating Self-Consciousness and Inhibiting Self-Deception. Psychological Reports, 76(1), 259–265. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.76.1.259

98.

Starr

(2023). “Go and catch a falling star”: Embodiment, cognition, and imagery. In Etin

D'Amore

P.G.

(Eds.), The routledge companion to literature and art (pp. 107–121). Routledge.

99.

Suica

Behrendt

Gäumann

Gerth

Schmidt-Trucksäss

Ettlin

Schuster-Amft

(2022). Imagery ability assessments: A cross-disciplinary systematic review and quality evaluation of psychometric properties. BMC Medicine, 20(1), 166. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02295-3

100.

Tamietto

De Gelder

(2010). Neural bases of the non-conscious perception of emotional signals. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11(10), 697–709. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2889

101.

Tang

Zhang

Huang

Wang

, … Hu

(2021). The acute effects of temperature variability on heart rate variability: A repeated-measure study. Environmental Research, 194, 110655. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110655

102.

van Berkum

J. J.

Struiksma

t Hart

(2023). Using facial EMG to track emotion during language comprehension: Past, present, and future. In Willems

R.M.

Hagoort

(Eds.), Language electrified (pp. 687–729). Springer.

103.

Van Berkum

J. J. A.

(2018). Language comprehension, emotion, and sociality: Aren’t we missing something? In Rueschemeyer

S.-A.

Gaskell

M. G.

(Eds.), The Oxford handbook of psycholinguistics (pp. 643–670). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198786825.013.28

104.

Van Berkum

J. J. A.

(2020). Inclusive affective neurolinguistics. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience, 35(7), 871–876. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2019.1665191

105.

Van Overwalle

Baetens

(2009). Understanding others' actions and goals by mirror and mentalizing systems: A meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 48(3), 564–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.009

106.

Vilhauer

R. P.

(2016). Inner Reading voices: An overlooked form of inner speech. Psychosis, 8(1), 37–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/17522439.2015.1028972

107.

Vilhauer

R. P.

(2017). Characteristics of inner reading voices. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 58(4), 269–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12368

108.

Wagner

Scharinger

Knoop

C. A.

Menninghaus

(2021). Effects of continuous self-reporting on aesthetic evaluation and emotional responses. Poetics, 85, 101497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.poetic.2020.101497

109.

Wassiliwizky

Koelsch

Wagner

Jacobsen

Menninghaus

(2017). The emotional power of poetry: Neural circuitry, psychophysiology and compositional principles. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(8), 1229–1240. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx069

110.

Waters

Allen

Aleman

Fernyhough

Woodward

T. S.

Badcock

J. C.

, … Laroi

(2012). Auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and nonschizophrenia populations: A review and integrated model of cognitive mechanisms. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 38(4), 683–693. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbs045

111.

Watson

Wiese

Vaidya

Tellegen

(1999). The two general activation systems of affect: structural findings, evolutionary considerations, and psychobiological evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(5), 820–838. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.820

112.

Williams

W. C.

(1985). Selected poems. New Directions.

113.

Winkielman

Berridge

K. C.

(2004). Unconscious emotion. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 13(3), 120–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00288.x

114.

Winlove

C. I. P.

Milton

Ranson

Fulford

MacKisack

Macpherson

Zeman

(2018). The neural correlates of visual imagery: A co-ordinate-based meta-analysis. Cortex, 105, 4–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2017.12.014

115.

Woods

Jones

Alderson-Day

Callard

Fernyhough

(2015). Experiences of hearing voices: Analysis of a novel phenomenological survey. The Lancet Psychiatry, 2(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00006-1

116.

Mai

Wei

Luo

(2011). Pitch and loudness information encoded in auditory imagery as revealed by event-related potentials. Psychophysiology, 48(3), 415–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01070.x

117.

Zajonc

R. B.

(1984). On the primacy of affect

118.

Zatorre

R. J.

Halpern

A. R.

Perry

D. W.

Meyer

Evans

A. C.

(1996). Hearing in the mind’s ear: A PET investigation of musical imagery and perception. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 8(1), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn.1996.8.1.29

119.

Zeman

(2024). Aphantasia and hyperphantasia: Exploring imagery vividness extremes. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 28(5), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2024.02.007

120.

Zeman

Milton

Della Sala

Dewar

Frayling

Gaddum

, … Winlove

(2020). Phantasia–the psychological significance of lifelong visual imagery vividness extremes. Cortex, 130, 426–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2020.04.003

121.

Zvyagintsev

Clemens

Chechko

Mathiak

K. A.

Sack

A. T.

Mathiak

(2013). Brain networks underlying mental imagery of auditory and visual information. European Journal of Neuroscience, 37(9), 1421–1434. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejn.12140

The Poet is Speaking: A Case for Studying the Role of Auditory Imagery in Poetry-Elicited Emotions

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References