In order to achieve the strongest international competitive advantage, there must be cooperation between the public and business sectors. That is, there must be congruence between the macro and micro competitive strategies in a country. It is maintained that nations will optimize their competitive advantage when both government and the firm use competitive advantage or comparative advantages simultaneously. This article expands Porter's generic strategies into areas of macro and micro application. It further suggests that Porter's three generic strategies can be supported by governmental actions, enabling a country to exercise competitive advantage options for maximum results, and articulates how this can be accomplished.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Alderson, Wroe (1957). Marketing and Executive Action. Homewood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
2.
Boyle, Thomas , and Jay Liebowitz (1990). "Hiring Thoroughbreds: Pitfalls to Avoid and Rules to Follow."Business Horizons, 33 (November-December): 28, 85.
3.
Brown, Donna (1991). "Whither Japan's MITI?"Management Review, 80 (April): 54-57.
4.
Buderi, Robert , John Carey, Neil Gross, and Karen Lowry Miller (1992). "Global Innovation: Who's in the Lead?"Business Week, 3 August: 68-69.
5.
Buller, Paul F. , Caryn Beck-Dudley, and Glenn M. McEvoy (1990). "Competitive Strategy and Human Resource Practices in a Professional Service Environment."Human Resource Planning, 12 (4): 27-36.
6.
Carey, John , Robert D. Hof, Emily T. Smith, Peter Burrows, and Resa King (1994). "Could America Afford the Transistor Today?"Business Week, 7 March: 80-84.
7.
Cateora, Philip R. (1990). International Marketing. Home-wood, IL: Richard D. Irwin.
8.
Czinkota, Michael , and Masaaki Kotabe (1990). "Product Development the Japanese Way."Journal of Business Strategy, 11 (November-December): 31-36.
9.
Franko, Lawrence G. (1988). "Global Corporate Competition: Who's Winning, Who's Losing, and the R&D Factor as One Reason Why."Strategic Management Journal, 10 (September-October): 449-474.
10.
Hodgetts, Richard M. , and Fred Luthans (1989). "Japanese H.R Management Practices: Separating Fact from Fiction."Personnel, 66 (April): 42-45.
11.
Jatusripitak, Somkid , Liam Fahey, and Philip Kotler (1989). "Strategic Global Marketing: Lessons from the Japanese." In Global Marketing Perspectives, edited by J. Sheth and A. Eshaghi. Cincinnati, OH: South Western Publishing, pp. 125-136.
12.
Kodama, J. (1990). "The Erosion of American Technological Competitiveness."Science and TechnologyJune: 89-94.
13.
distributed by Random House. Paperback edition (1992), Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Press, pp. 21-30.
14.
Landegger, Carl C. (1993). "Increase in Global Competition Demands Development of U.S. Industrial Policy."Pulp and Paper, 67 (August): 91-97.
15.
Loomis, Carol J. (1993). "Dinosaurus?"Fortune, 3 May: 36-42.
16.
Lyod, Tom (1984). Dinosaur and Co.: Studies in Corporate Evolution. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
17.
Ohmae, Kenichi (1983). The Mind of the Strategist. New York: Penguin.
18.
Ohmae, Kenichi (1985). Triad Power. New York: Free Press.
19.
Porter, Michael E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. New York: Free Press.
20.
Porter, Michael E. (1985). Competitive Advantage. New York: Free Press.
21.
Porter, Michael E. (1990a). "The Competitive Advantage of Nations."Harvard Business Review, 68 (March-April): 73-93.
22.
Porter, Michael E. (1990b). The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press.
23.
Porter, Michael E. (1990c). "New Global Strategies for Competitive Advantage."Planning Review, 18 (May-June): 4-14.
24.
Rogers, Hank (1991). "What Dana Learned from Japan."Industry Week, 15 July: 36-42.
25.
Rosenblatt, Alfred , Tekla S. Perry, Stuart M. Dambrot, Peter Gwynne, George Watson, and Karen Fitzgerald (1991). "Formula for Competitiveness."IEEE Spectrum, 28 (June): 49-69.
26.
Samli, A. Coskun (1987). "An Alternative International Marketing Strategy: `J' Model." In Advances in International Marketing, vol. 2, edited by S.T. Cavusgil. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, pp. 239-257.
27.
Samli, A. Coskun (1992). Social Responsibility in Marketing. Westport, CT: Quorum Press.
28.
Samli, A. Coskun , Richard Still, and John Hill (1993). International Marketing: Planning and Practice. New York: Macmillan.
29.
Sheth, Jagdish , and Abdolreza Eshaghi (1989). Global Marketing Perspectives. Cincinnati, OH: South Western Publishing.
30.
Sheridan, John H. (1990a). "Just Call Him Mr. Productivity."Industry Week, 21 May: 35-38.
31.
Sheridan, John H. (1990b). "Lessons from the Gurus."Industry Week, 6 August: 35-41.
32.
Smith, Roger B. (1989). "Competitiveness in the 90s: Adjusting the Sails."Executive Speeches, 4 (October): 1-5.
33.
Smith, Wendell (1956). "Product Differentiation and Market Segmentation as Alternative Marketing Strategies."Journal of Marketing, 21 (July): 3-8.
34.
Spencer, William J. (1990). "Research to Product: A Major U.S. Challenge."California Management Review, 32 (Winter): 45-53.
35.
Stonham, Paul (1991). "A Conversation with Michael Porter: International Competitive Strategy from a European Perspective."European Management Journal, 9 (December): 355-360.
36.
Thurow, Lester (1992). Head to Head. New York: William Morrow.
37.
Wills, James, A.Coskun Samli , and Laurence Jacobs (1991). "Developing Global Products and Marketing Strategies: A Construct and a Research Agenda."Journal of Academy of Marketing Science, 21 (Winter): 1-10.
