In this study I examine the use of community-based shared-leadership strategies. I focus on the role of local government in four aspects of community-based planning and implementation: (1) coordination, (2) the use of partnerships, (3) community-based planning and (4) collaboration in funding. Through a national survey of homelessness efforts in cities over 50,000 population, this study finds that local government involvement in community-based planning and implementation is positively associated with (1) the range of local homelessness efforts, and (2) increased effectiveness and targeting of these efforts. This study also finds that local governments are driving forces for community-based strategies, as are requirements by higher governments and a variety of local events and conditions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Aaron, H.
(1994). Values and public policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
2.
Baldwin, D.
(1990). Creating community. Common Cause Magazine, 16 (4), 17.
3.
Bassuk, E.
(1990). Community care for homeless families. Washington, DC: The Better Homes Foundation.
4.
Baum, A.
, & Burnes, D. (1993). A nation in denial: The truth about homelessness. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
5.
Bemard, J.
(1973). The sociology of community. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman, and Company.
6.
Blau, J.
(1992). The visible poor: Homelessness in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press.
7.
Bryson, J. M.
, & Crosby, B. (1992). Leadership for the common good: Tackling public problems in a shared-power world. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
8.
Burt, M.
(1992). Over the edge. New York, NY: Russell Sage Press.
9.
Burt, M.
, & Cohen, B. (1989). America's homeless: Numbers, characteristics and the programs that serve them. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
10.
Cambridge
. (1990). Interviews with Cambridge agency and program directors. Cambridge, MA: Alex and Thornton Associates.
11.
Cherry, A.
(1990). The magnitude and nature of homelessness in south Florida. Miami Shores, FL: Barry University.
12.
Chrislip, D.
, & Larson, C. (1994). Collaborative leadership: How citizens and civic leaders can make a difference. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
13.
Coleman, J.
(1989). The dynamics of community controversy. In R. Warren, & L. Lyon (Eds.), New perspectives on the American community. Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press.
14.
Culhane, D.
(1993). Public shelter admission rates in Philadelphia and New York City. Working Paper. Washington, DC: Fannie Mae Office of Housing Research.
15.
Denhardt, K.
, Denhardt, R., Glaser, M., & Grubbs, J. (1994). Communities at risk: A community perspective on urban social problems. Paper presented at the Southeastern Conference for Public Administration, SECOPA, Lexington, KY, October 6-8.
16.
Elbe, J.
(1990). The Cambridge multi-service center for homelessness: Serving the poor effectively. Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government.
17.
Etzioni, A.
(1976). Social problems. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
18.
Etzioni, A.
(1993). The spirit of community. New York: Crown Publishers.
19.
Everitt, S.
(1992). Bellingham 2000 project: An experiment in midsize community planning. In R. Kemp, op cit.
20.
Fowler, R. B.
(1991). The dance with community. Lawrence, KA: University of Kansas Press.
21.
Gallagher, M.
(1994). Homeless, but not hopeless: Different approaches in Miami and Portland. Planning, 60 (10), 18-21.
22.
Gardner, J.
(1991). Building community. Washington, DC: Independent Sector.
23.
Gates, C.
(1991). Making a case for collaborative problem solving. National Civic Review, 80 (2), 113-119.
24.
Giamo, B.
, & Grunberg, J. (1992). Beyond homelessness. Iowa City, IA: University of Iowa Press.
25.
Giles, M.
(1993). The Atlanta Project: A community-based approach to solving urban problems. National Civic Review, 82 (4), 354-362.
26.
Interagency Council on the Homeless
. (1994). Priority: Home! The federalplan to break the cycle of homelessness. Washington, DC.
27.
International City and County Management Association (ICMA)
. (1988). Comprehensive planning to end homelessness: Four approaches. Washington, DC: ICMA.
28.
International City and County Management Association (ICMA)
. (1990). Strategies to reduce homelessness: An MIS report. Washington, DC: ICMA.
29.
International City and County Management Association (ICMA)
. (1994a). State of the profession survey. Washington, DC: ICMA.
30.
International City and County Management Association (ICMA)
. (1994b). Alternative service delivery in local government. In Municipal yearbook 1994 (Chapter 3A). Washington, DC: ICMA.
31.
Jencks, C.
(1994). The homeless. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
32.
Jezierski, L.
(1990). Neighborhoods and public-private partnerships in Pittsburgh. Public Administration Quarterly, 26(2), 217-249.
33.
Johnson, G.
, & Hambrick, R. (1993). Preventing homelessness: Virginia's homelessness intervention program. Journal of Urban Affairs, 15(6), 473-489.
34.
Kemmis, D.
(1990). Community and the politics of place. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
35.
Kemp, R.
(1992). Strategic planning in local government. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association.
36.
Lakeland Coalition for the Homeless
. (1994). Are there homeless in Lakeland?Lakeland, FL: Lakeland Coalition for the Homeless.
37.
Logsdon, J.
(1991). Interests and interdependence in the formation of social problem-solving collaboration. Journal of Applied Behavior Science, 27 (2), 23-27.
38.
Magnet, M.
(1993). The dream and the nightmare. New York, NY: William Morrow and Company.
39.
Michigan Department of Commerce
. (1990). Local strategic planning: A handbook for community leaders. Lansing, Ml: Michigan Dept. of Commerce.
40.
Nashville Coalition for the Homeless
. (1994). Directory of services for homeless people in Nashville. Nashville, TN: The Nashville Coalition for the Homeless.
41.
National Academy of Sciences (NAS)
. (1988). Homelessness, health and human needs. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine.
42.
Neuse, S.
(1983). From grass roots to citizen participation: Where we've been and where we are now. Public Administration Quarterly, 7 (3), 294-309.
43.
New Jersey Department of Community Affairs
. (1992). New Jersey homelessness prevention program: 1992 annual report. Trenton, NJ: Department of Community Affairs.
44.
Nice, D.
, & Frederickson, P. (1995). The politics of intergovernmental relations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.
45.
Ostrom, E.
(1993). A communitarian approach to local governance. National Civic Review, 82 (3), 226-232.
46.
Perlman, E.
(1994). Getting tough on the down and out. Governing, 7(7), 20-21.
47.
Ringheim, K.
(1993). Investigating the structural determinants of homelessness: The case of Houston. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 28 (4), 617-640.
48.
Roberts, N.
, & Bradley, R. (1991). Stakeholder collaboration and innovation. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27(2), 209-227.
49.
Rohe, W.
, & Gates, L. (1985). Planning with neighborhoods. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
50.
Rossi, P.
(1989). Without shelter: Homelessness in the 1990s. New York: Priority Press.
51.
Scavo, C.
(1993). The use of participative mechanisms by large U.S. cities. Journal of Urban Affairs, 15 (1), 93-109.
52.
Schutt, R.
, & Garrett, G. (1992). Responding to the homeless: Policy and practice. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
53.
Stone, M.
(1993). Shelter poverty: New ideas on housing affordability. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
54.
Toro, P.
, & McDonell, D. (1991). Beliefs, attitude and knowledge about the homeless: A survey of the general public. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20 (1), 53-80.
55.
U.S. Conference of Mayors
. (1993). A status report on hunger and homelessness in America's cities. Washington, DC.
56.
U.S. Department of Commerce Census
. (1990). 1990 census: Street and shelter counts. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Commerce.
57.
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
. (1984). Report to the secretary on the homeless and emergency housing. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development.
58.
Wheeland, C.
(1993). City-wide strategic planning: An evaluation of Rock Hill's empowering the vision. Public Administration Review, 53 (1), 65-72.
59.
Williams, M.
(1985). Neighborhood organizations. Seeds of new urban life. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
60.
Wolch, J.
, & Dear, M. (1993). Malign neglect: Homelessness in an American city. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
61.
Wood, D.
, & Gray, B. (1991). Toward a comprehensive theory of collaboration. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 27 (2), 139-162.
62.
Zudak, C.
(1992). Fragmented approach to homelessness. Public Management, 74 (3), 9-15.
