and Jeffrey L. Pressman and Aaron B. Wildavsky, Implementation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973).
2.
2 These notions are presented in a variety of sources. In addition to Nakamura and Smallwood, see also Paul Berman, "The Study of Macro and Micro Implementation,"Public Policy26 (Spring 1978): 157-184.
3.
3 Pressman and Wildavsky and Nakamura and Smallwood provide detailed discussions of some of the processes and interactions that are involved.
4.
and Jerry Mechling, "Analysis and Implementation,"Public Policy26 (Spring 1978): 263-284.
5.
5 One of the best known critiques is that presented by Ida R. Hoos, Systems Analysis in Public Policy (Berkeley: The University of California Press, 1972).
6.
and Erwin C. Hargrove, Jr., "Implementation" in Public Administration and Public Policy, H. George Fredrickson and Charles R. Wise, eds. (Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Co., 1977).
7.
7 Berman, p. 164.
8.
8 Bardach, pp. 55-58.
9.
9 This point is suggested by Pressman and Wildavsky, Nakamura and Smallwood, Bardach and Hargrove.
10.
or Helen K. Kerschner and Robert C. Myrtle, Strategies for the Implementation of Areawide Health Plans (Washington, D.C.: Technical Assistance Branch, Bureau of Health Planning, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, November 1975).
11.
11 See Helen K. Kerschner and Robert C. Myrtle, Implementing Health Systems Plans (Washington, D.C.: Technical Assistance Branch, Bureau of Health Planning, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, December 1975).
12.
and Donald S. Van Meter and Carl E. Van Horn, "The Policy Implementation Process,"Administration and Society6 (February 1975): 445-488.
13.
13 Berman, p. 164.
14.
14 Daniel Katz and Robert L. Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organizations, 2nd ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1978), pp. 710-711.
15.
15 Robert Chin and Kenneth D. Benne, "General Strategies for Effecting Changes in Human Systems," in The Planning of Change, 2nd ed., Warren G. Bennis, Kenneth D. Benne and Robert Chin, eds. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1969), pp. 32-57.
16.
16 Nakamura and Smallwood, p. 27.
17.
17 Thomas R. Smith, "The Policy Implementation Process,"Policy Sciences4 (1973): 201.
18.
18 Joseph Galaskiewicz, "The Structure of Community Organization Networks,"Social Forces54 (June 1979): 1346-1364.
19.
19 See the approach suggested by Meltsner in "Political Feasibility."
20.
20 See, for instance, Kerschner and Myrtle, Strategies.
21.
21 These ideas are substantially based on the concepts developed by this author and presented in "Policy Implementation: A Managerial Perspective," a chapter in Ross Clayton, Bruce Storm and Alexander Cloner, eds. Public Administration in a Time of Turbulence (Mayfield Press, forthcoming, 1982).
22.
22 One of more clearly presented descriptions of this process can be found in Richard M. Cyert and James G. March, A Behavioral Theory of the Firm (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
23.
23 For a discussion of the problems faced by public managers in bringing about organizational change, see Robert C. Myrtle, "Change, Changes and Changing,"International Journal of Public Administration2 (1980): 103-115.
