The hiring of chief administrative officers, also known as city administrators, in municipalities with the mayor–council form of government has contributed to the professionalization of these city governments. Although some observers suggest that the role of city administrator is the functional equivalent of city manager, survey responses from 276 persons who have held both jobs note similarities and important differences.
Adrian, C.R. (1988). Forms of city government in American history. In Municipal Year Book 1988 (pp. 3-11). Washington, DC : International City/County Management Association.
2.
Ammons, D.N., & Newell, C. (1989). City executives. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Hansell, W.H., Jr. (1998). Is it time to “reform” the reform ? Public Management, 80(12), 15-16.
5.
Hansell, W.H., Jr. (1999). Reforming the reform, part 2. Public Management, 81(1), 28.
6.
Hogan, J.B. (1976). The chief administrative officer: An alternative to council-manager government. Tucson: University of Arizona, Institute of Government Research.
7.
International City/County Management Association. (2006). In Municipal year book: 2006. Washington, DC: Author.
8.
MacManus, S.A., & Bullock, C.S., III. (2003). The form, structure, and composition of America's municipalities in the new millennium. In Municipal year book 2003 (pp. 3-18). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.
9.
Meek, J.W., Schildt, K., & Witt, M. (2002). Local government administration in a metropolitan context. In H. G. Frederickson & J. Nalbandian (Eds.), The future of local government administration (pp. 145-153). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association .
10.
Oakley, A. (1987). A commanding view from the top. City and State, 4, 18.
11.
Svara, J.H. (1999). U.S. city managers and administrators in a global perspective. In Municipal year book 1999 (pp. 25-33). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.
12.
Svara, J.H. (2003). Two decades of continuity and change in America's city councils. Washington, DC: National League of Cities.
13.
Svara, J.H. (2004). Achieving effective community leadership. In C. Newell (Ed.), The effective local government manager (3rd ed., pp. 21-56). Washington, DC: International City/County Management Association.
