Validating the Ego-Resiliency Questionnaire for Preadolescents (the ER-P) Using a Population-Based Sample From Korea

Abstract

This study aimed to introduce an ego-resiliency questionnaire for preadolescents (the ER-P) by restructuring the ER89 using the data of 1398 preadolescents from the Panel Study on Korean Children. The ER-P was proposed as a 10-item second-order instrument with two factors (Optimal Regulation and Openness to Life Experiences). The ER-P achieved configural, metric, and scalar levels of measurement invariance across gender. The ER-P scores exhibited correlations with personality traits of the five-factor model and general happiness, providing evidence of its convergent validity. This suggests that the ER-P has sound psychometric properties for evaluating ego-resiliency in Korean preadolescents. The validation of the ego-resiliency questionnaire specifically tailored for younger individuals marks a significant expansion of the ego-resiliency research domain, especially considering that existing instruments were initially designed for adults. The ER-P will be useful in education, counseling, and research settings that require information on preadolescents’ self-rated inner strength.

Keywords

ego-resiliency preadolescents measurement invariance validation

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Ahn

H. N.

Ahn

C. K.

(2017). Neo personality assessment system. Insight.

Alessandri

Vecchione

Caprara

Letzring

T. D.

(2011). The ego resiliency scale revised. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28(2), 139–146. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000102

Alessandri

Zuffianò

Eisenberg

Pastorelli

(2017). The role of ego-resiliency as mediator of the longitudinal relationship between family socio-economic status and school grades. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(10), 2157–2168. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0691-7

Alessandri

G. U. I. D. O.

Vecchio

G. M.

Steca

P. A. T. R. I. Z. I. A.

Caprara

M. G.

Caprara

G. V.

(2007). A revised version of kremen and block's ego resiliency scale in an Italian sample. Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 14(3-4), 165–183.

Al-Naser

(2000). Evaluating resiliency patterns using the ER89: A case study from Kuwait. Social Behavior and Personality: International Journal, 28(5), 505–514. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.5.505

Ayuso‐Mateos

J. L.

Lasa

Vázquez‐Barquero

J. L.

Oviedo

Diez‐Manrique

J. F.

(1999). Measuring health status in psychiatric community surveys: Internal and external validity of the Spanish version of the SF‐36. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 99(1), 26–32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1999.tb05381.x

Barbosa‐Leiker

Kostick

Lei

McPherson

Roper

Hoekstra

Wright

(2013). Measurement invariance of the perceived stress scale and latent mean differences across gender and time. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 29(3), 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2463

Blakemore

S. J.

Burnett

Dahl

R. E.

(2010). The role of puberty in the developing adolescent brain. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 926–933. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21052

Block

(1993). Ego-resilience through time. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the society for research in child development (new orleans, LA, march 25-28, 1993). https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED356879.pdf

10.

Block

J. H.

(2006). Venturing a 30-year longitudinal study. American Psychologist, 61(4), 315–327. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.61.4.315

11.

Block

Kremen

A. M.

(1996). IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(2), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.349, https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.70.2.349

12.

Block

J. H.

Block

(1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins

W. A.

(Ed.), The minnesota symposia on child psychology (13, pp. 39–101). Erlbaum.

13.

Borgers

De Leeuw

Hox

(2000). Children as respondents in survey research: Cognitive development and response quality 1. Bulletin of Sociological Methodology/Bulletin de Méthodologie Sociologique, 66(1), 60–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/075910630006600106

14.

Caniëls

M. C.

Hatak

Kuijpers

K. J.

de Weerd‐Nederhof

P. C.

(2022). Trait resilience instigates innovative behaviour at work? A cross‐lagged study. Creativity and Innovation Management, 31(2), 274–293. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12486

15.

Carlson

K. D.

Herdman

A. O.

(2012). Understanding the impact of convergent validity on research results. Organizational Research Methods, 15(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428110392383

16.

Chen

F. F.

(2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

17.

Chen

Gao

Chen

B. B.

Kong

Yang

(2021). Ego-resiliency and perceived social support in late childhood: A latent growth modeling approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(6), 2978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18062978

18.

Chen

Gao

Yang

Tian

Zhang

Luo

(2022). The psychometric properties of the revised ego resiliency scale (ER89-R) in Chinese college students. Current Psychology, 42(18), 15488–15496. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-02844-2

19.

Chuang

S. S.

Lamb

M. E.

Hwang

C. P.

(2006). Personality development from childhood to adolescence: A longitudinal study of ego-control and ego-resiliency in Sweden. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 30(4), 338–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025406072795

20.

Costello

A. B.

Osborne

(2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research and Evaluation, 10(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868

21.

De Clercq

Pereira

(2019). Resilient employees are creative employees, when the workplace forces them to be. Creativity and Innovation Management, 28(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/caim.12328

22.

Dedovic

Wadiwalla

Engert

Pruessner

J. C.

(2009). The role of sex and gender socialization in stress reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 45–55. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014433

23.

Farkas

Orosz

(2015). Ego-resiliency reloaded: A three-component model of general resiliency. PLoS One, 10(3), Article e0120883. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120883

24.

Fokkema

Greiff

(2017). How performing PCA and CFA on the same data equals trouble. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 33(6), 399–402. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000460

25.

Friborg

Barlaug

Martinussen

Rosenvinge

J. H.

Hjemdal

(2005). Resilience in relation to personality and intelligence. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 14(1), 29–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/mpr.15

26.

Funder

D. C.

Block

(1989). The role of ego-control, ego-resiliency, and IQ in delay of gratification in adolescence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1041–1050. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1041

27.

Gallop

Rose

Wallace

Williams

Cleary

Thompson

Tietz

(2013). Millennium cohort study fifth sweep (MCS5). Ipsos MORI.

28.

Gefen

Straub

(2005). A practical guide to factorial validity using PLS-Graph: Tutorial and annotated example. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 16(1), 91–109. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.01605

29.

Gilmore

K. J.

Meersand

(2013). Normal child and adolescent development: A psychodynamic primer. American Psychiatric Pub.

30.

Hofer

Eisenberg

Reiser

(2010). The role of socialization, effortful control, and ego resiliency in French adolescents' social functioning. Journal of Research on Adolescence: The Official Journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence, 20(3), 555–582. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00650.x

31.

Howard

M. C.

(2016). A review of exploratory factor analysis decisions and overview of current practices: What we are doing and how can we improve? International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 32(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2015.1087664

32.

Ipsos MORI . (2023). Child of the new century question booklet. https://cls.ucl.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/MCS5_MS_Child-Self-Completion-Questionnaire_CORE_ESNI_FINAL_PRINT.pdf

33.

Keszei

A. P.

Novak

Streiner

D. L.

(2010). Introduction to health measurement scales. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68(4), 319–323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2010.01.006

34.

Kim

Y. J.

Cho

Y. A.

Kim

H. A.

(2015). A mediation effect of ego resiliency between stresses and mental health of North Korean refugee youth in South Korea. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 32(5), 481–490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-015-0385-5

35.

Kline

(2013). Handbook of psychological testing. Routledge.

36.

Murzyn

(2020) (In this issue). Ego control/ego resiliency theory (ARCH). In Carducci

B. J.

Nave

C. S.

Mio

J. S.

Riggio

R. E.

(Eds.), The wiley encyclopedia of personality and individual differences: models and theories (1st ed., 1, pp. 165–172). New Jersey, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119547143.ch29

37.

Oshio

Taku

Hirano

Saeed

(2018). Resilience and big five personality traits: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 127, 54–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.01.048

38.

Philippe

F. L.

Laventure

Beaulieu-Pelletier

Lecours

Lekes

(2011). Ego-resiliency as a mediator between childhood trauma and psychological symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(6), 583–598. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.6.583

39.

Putnick

D. L.

Bornstein

M. H.

(2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental review: Developmental Review, 41, 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004

40.

Smith

B. W.

Tooley

E. M.

Christopher

P. J.

Kay

V. S.

(2010). Resilience as the ability to bounce back from stress: A neglected personal resource? The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(3), 166–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2010.482186

41.

Sun

(2005). Assessing goodness of fit in confirmatory factor analysis. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 37(4), 240–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2005.11909764

42.

Tavakol

Wetzel

(2020). Factor analysis: A means for theory and instrument development in support of construct validity. International Journal of Medical Education, 11, 245–247. https://doi.org/10.5116/ijme.5f96.0f4a

43.

Taylor

Z. E.

Ruiz

Nair

(2019). A mixed‐method examination of ego‐resiliency, adjustment problems, and academic engagement in children of Latino migrant farmworkers. Social Development, 28(1), 200–217. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12328

44.

Tsaousis

Kazi

(2013). Factorial invariance and latent mean differences of scores on trait emotional intelligence across gender and age. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(2), 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.08.016

45.

Tugade

M. M.

Fredrickson

B. L.

(2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320

46.

Waaktaar

Torgersen

(2010). How resilient are resilience scales? The big five scales outperform resilience scales in predicting adjustment in adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 51(2), 157–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00757.x

47.

Yoo

S. K.

Shim

H. W.

(2002). Psychological protective factors in resilient adolescents in Korea. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 16(4), 189–206.